TRANSLATION

PROCEDURES
HELLO!
This is Group 4

welcome you all!

3
 WHAT IS
“TRANSLATION
PROCEDURES”? HOW CAN WE
USE IT?

HOW MANY
TYPES OF IT?

4
DEFINITION FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION

5
DEFINITION
translation procedures are used for sentences
and smaller units of language within that text. 

6
 FUNCTION
transferring elements of meaning from the
Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT).

7
 FACT!!!
More than one procedures can be seen in one
translation.
Some translations may result from a cluster of
procedures that is difficult to discern

8
 CLASSIFICATION
7 procedures (borrowing, calque. literal
translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence,
adaptation)

9
BORRO
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION10 10
BORRO
WING

CALQUE WHAT IS BORROWING?

LITERAL
a translation technique that involves the use of the same word or
TRANPO expressive state in the original text and the target text.
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION11 11
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
3 types of borrowing techniques:
LITERAL  pure loans
TRANPO  mix loans
SITION
 blends
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION12 12
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
3 types of borrowing techniques:
LITERAL  pure loans
TRANPO unchanged in form and meaning of the loan words
SITION
MODULA
TION  email -> email
EQUIVAL  internet -> internet
ENCE
 radio -> radio
ADAPTA
TION13 13
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
3 types of borrowing techniques:
LITERAL  pure loans
TRANPO  mix loans
SITION
borrowing changes in form but does not change meaning
MODULA
TION
 canteen -> căn tin
EQUIVAL
ENCE
 cheque-> séc
ADAPTA
 dollar-> đô la
TION14 14
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
3 types of borrowing techniques:
LITERAL  pure loans
TRANPO  mix loans
SITION
 blends
is the combination of the two types above that means there has
MODULA
TION a part is pure loan and the other part is mix loan.
EQUIVAL  ozone layer -> tầng ozone
ENCE
 Wall street-> phố Wall
ADAPTA
TION15 15
 DEMONSTRATION

email -> email PURE MIX trash -> rác

BLEND
Internet -> internet LOAN LOAN bank -> ngân hàng

trash email -> email rác

Internet banking -> ngân hàng internet

16
BORRO
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION17 17
BORRO

DEFINE
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL It is a procedure to ‘borrow’ the source language

TRANPO expression or structure and then transfer it in a literal
SITION
translation.
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION18 18
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
There are two kinds of Calque:
LITERAL 1) Lexical calque: respects the syntactic structure of the TL.
TRANPO 2) Structural calque: introduces a new structure into the TL.
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION19 19
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
1) Lexical calque:
respects the syntactic structure of the TL.
LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION • “Forget-me-not” means?
MODULA Þ Hoa lưu ly.
TION
• “Adam's apple” means?
EQUIVAL
ENCE Þ Yết hầu
ADAPTA
TION20 20
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
2) Structural calque:
introduces a new structure into the TL.
LITERAL

TRANPO •Asian Football Confederation (AFC )

SITION
ÞLiên đoàn bóng đá châu Á
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
•World Health Organization (WHO)
ENCE ÞTổ chức Y tế Thế giới
ADAPTA
TION21 21
BORRO
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION22 22
BORRO

DEFINE
WING

CALQUE

Literal translation is briefly a procedure of word-

LITERAL
for-word translation in translating the source language
TRANPO
SITION to the target language.
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION23 23
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
EXAMPLES
◈ She is deaf to all his advice
LITERAL
Þ Cô ta lờ đi tất cả những lời khuyên của anh ấy.
TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
◈ A bill to normalize the trade relation with VietNam
TION Þ Dự luật bình thường hóa quan hệ thương mại với
EQUIVAL VietNam.
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION24 24
BORRO
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION25 25
BORRO
WING

CALQUE DEFINE
LITERAL Transposition means the replacing of one word-class
TRANPO by another without changing the meaning of the
SITION
message
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION26 26
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
There are 2 kinds of transposition: 

LITERAL a. Obligatory transposition: 

E.g.: “Upon his arriving home” => “Khi anh ấy về đến nhà”
TRANPO Þ Vietnamese language does not use prepositional phrase.
SITION
 
MODULA b. Optional transposition: 
TION
E.g: “Khi anh ấy về đến nhà” => “When he arrived home”
EQUIVAL Þ (keep the same word class, the same structure) or “On his
ENCE arriving home” (change into a prepositional phrase)
ADAPTA
TION27 27
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
OTHER TYPES
 a. Simple word → Complex word/ phrase or vice versa: 
LITERAL
bail —> tiền bảo lãnh, ledger —> sổ cái
TRANPO bear > người đầu cơ giá xuống, bull > người đầu cơ giá lên
SITION
MODULA b. Adverb→ Verb:
TION
Tôi chỉ tự vệ mà thôi. → I only defended myself. → I did
EQUIVAL
ENCE
nothing but defend myself
ADAPTA
TION28 28
BORRO
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION29 29
BORRO

DEFINE
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL
Modulation means a variation in the message
TRANPO
SITION
due to a change in the point of view.
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION30 30
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
TYPES
we can distinguish free/optional modulation
from fixed/obligatory modulation.
LITERAL

TRANPO Fixed / obligatory modulation :

SITION “the time when” => “lúc mà”
MODULA (the time becomes the moment; and when becomes that).
TION
EQUIVAL Free / optional modulation :
used in simultaneous interpreting, known as
ENCE reformulation (nói lại cách khác)
ADAPTA
TION31 31
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
OTHER TYPES
1. Abstract → Concrete
2. Concrete → Abstract
LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION32 32
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
OTHER TYPES
1. Abstract → Concrete

LITERAL

TRANPO  bull market > thị trường giá lên

SITION
 daisy chain > việc mua bán vờ vịt
MODULA
TION  dead-cat bounce > sự hồi phục nhất thời
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION33 33
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
OTHER TYPES
1. Abstract → Concrete
2. Concrete → Abstract
LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION  outstanding shares > những cổ phiếu nằm
MODULA trong tay cổ đông
TION
 subsidiary company > công ty con
EQUIVAL
ENCE
 unwritten contract > hợp đồng miệng
ADAPTA
TION34 34
BORRO
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION35 35
BORRO

DEFINE
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL is applied by using an entirely different structure with

TRANPO different meaning from that of source language text so
SITION
long as it is considered appropriate in the
MODULA
TION communicative situation equivalent to that of the source
EQUIVAL language.
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION36 36
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
EXAMPLES
LITERAL
 Buddhism = Phật tử
 Oh my God = Ối giời ơi / Ôi mẹ ơi
TRANPO
SITION  Nền kinh tế nước ta đã có những bước tiến vượt bậc
MODULA trong những năm qua.
TION
EQUIVAL => Vietnamese economy has had great achievements in
ENCE recent years.
ADAPTA
TION37 37
BORRO
WING

CALQUE

LITERAL

TRANPO
SITION
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION38 38
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
DEFINE
LITERAL
This procedure is adopted when the object or
TRANPO
SITION situation referred to in the SL is unknown in the TL
MODULA culture.
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION39 39
BORRO
WING

CALQUE
EXAMPLES
 The Scarlet Letter = Nét Chữ Ô Nhục (novel’s name)
LITERAL
 A plain Jane = Chung Vô Diệm, Thị Nở
TRANPO
SITION  Flood the market = tràn ngập thị trường
MODULA
TION
EQUIVAL
ENCE
ADAPTA
TION40 40
 DEFINITION
BORROWING

TRANSLATION CALQUE
PROCEDURES FUNCTION
LITERAL

CLASSIFICATION TRANSPOSITON

MODULATION

EQUIVALENCE

ADAPTATION 41
THANK
S!