What HOW: Chapter 4 Opener

Chapter 4 Opener
WHAT HOW
The integument The skin has
includes body membranes, multiple layers that protect the
skin, hair, fingernails, and body, help regulate body
sweat and oil temperature, and help excrete
glands. wastes via sweat.
WHY
The skin is the first
barrier to keep good things
such as water in, and
bad things
such as harmful
bacteria out.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12e, by Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller
Figure 4.1 Classes of epithelial membranes.
Cutaneous
membrane
(skin)
(a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) Mucosa

covers the body surface.
(b) Mucous membranes line body cavities

open to the exterior.
Parietal layer
Serous fluid
Visceral layer
(c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to exterior.
Outer balloon wall

(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous
cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
(d) A fist thrust into a limp balloon demonstrates the relationship
be tw ee n the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers.
Figure 4.1a Classes of epithelial membranes.
Cutaneous
membrane
(skin)
(a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin)

covers the body surface.
Figure 4.1b Classes of epithelial membranes.
Mucosa
(b) Mucous membranes line body cavities

open to the exterior.
Figure 4.1c Classes of epithelial membranes.
Parietal layer
Serous fluid
Visceral layer
(c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to exterior.
Figure 4.1d Classes of epithelial membranes.
Outer balloon wall

(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
(d) A fist thrust into a limp balloon demonstrates

the relationship b et w ee n the parietal and
visceral serous membrane layers.
Figure 4.2 A typical synovial joint.
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
(continued)
Figure 4.3 Skin structure.
Hair shaft
Dermal papillae
Epidermis
Papillary Pore
layer
Appendages of skin
• Eccrine sweat gland
• Arrector pili muscle
Dermis
Reticular • Sebaceous (oil) gland
layer • Hair follicle
• Hair root (inside follicle)
Hypodermis
(subcutaneous
tissue)
Nervous structures Cutaneous vascular plexus
• Sensory nerve fiber
• Lamellar corpuscle Adipose tissue
• Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
Figure 4.4 The main structural features of the epidermis.
Stratum corneum. Cells are dead, flat

membranous sacs filled with keratin.
Glycolipids in extracellular space make
skin water resistant.
Stratum granulosum. Cells are flattened,

organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm
Keratinocytes full of granules.
Desmosomes
Stratum spinosum. Cells contain thick
Epidermal bundles of intermediate filaments made
dendritic cell of pre-keratin.
Stratum basale. Stem cells are actively

Melanin granules dividing; some newly formed cells
become part of the more superficial
layers.
Melanocyte
Dermis
Sensory
Merkel nerve
cell ending
Figure 4.5 Light micrograph of the two layers of the dermis (100X).
Epidermis
Papillary
layer
D
e
r
m
i
s
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reticular
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12e, by Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller
layer
A Closer Look 4.1 A Wrinkle Out of Time.
Homeostatic Imbalance 4.2 Photograph of a stage II and stage III decubitus ulcer.
(a) Stage I I decubitus (b) Stage I I I decubitus

ulcer ulcer
Homeostatic Imbalance 4.2a Photograph of a stage II and stage III decubitus ulcer.
(a) Stage I I decubitus

ulcer
Homeostatic Imbalance 4.2b Photograph of a stage II and stage III decubitus ulcer.
(b) Stage I I I decubitus

ulcer
Homeostatic Imbalance 4.4 Cradle cap in a newborn baby.
Figure 4.6 Cutaneous glands.
Sweat
pore
Eccrine
Sebaceous
gland
gland
Sebaceous
gland duct
Dermal connective
tissue
Eccrine
gland duct
Hair in
hair
follicle
Secretory
cells
(a) Photomicrogr aph of a se ct i o ned (b) Photom icrograph of a

se bac eous gland ( 10 0  ) s ect i oned ec cr i n e
gland (205)
Figure 4.6a Cutaneous glands.
Sweat
pore
Sebaceous Eccrine
gland gland
Sebaceous
gland duct
Dermal connective
tissue
Hair in
hair follicle
Secretory cells
(a) Photomicrograph of a sectioned

sebaceous gland (100)
Figure 4.6b Cutaneous glands.
Sweat
pore
Eccrine
Sebaceous
gland
gland
Dermal connective
tissue
Eccrine
gland duct
Secretory
cells
(b) Photomicrograph of a
sect ioned ec cr i n e
gland (205)
Figure 4.7 Structure of a hair root and follicle.
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
Hair
shaft
Arrector
pili muscle
Sebaceous
gland
Hair follicle
Hair root
(b) Hair
Hair bulb (c) Scanning electron micrograph
in of hair shaft emerging from
follicle follicle (435)
(a) Hair in hair follicle
Hair root
Fibrous
sheath (dermal
connective Cuticle
Hair tissue)
follicle Cortex
Epithelial
root sheath Medulla
Hair matrix (growth

zone) in hair bulb
Melanocyte
Hair papilla
containing
blood vessels
Subcutaneous
adipose tissue
(d) Cross
section of
hair bulb
Figure 4.7a Structure of a hair root and follicle.
Hair
shaft
Arrector
pili muscle
Sebaceous
gland
Hair follicle
Hair root
Hair bulb
in
follicle
(a) Hair
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. in hair Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12e, by Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller
follicle
Figure 4.7b Structure of a hair root and follicle.
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
(b) Hair
Figure 4.7c Structure of a hair root and follicle.
(c) Scanning electron micrograph

of hair shaft emerging from
follicle (435)
Figure 4.7d Structure of a hair root and follicle.
Hair root
Fibrous
sheath (dermal
connective Cuticle
tissue)
Hair
follicle Cortex
Epithelial
root sheath Medulla
Hair matrix (growth

zone) in hair bulb
Melanocyte
Hair papilla
containing
blood vessels
Subcutaneous
adipose
tissue
(d) Cross
section
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. of Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12e, by Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller
hair bulb
Figure 4.8 Structure of a nail.
Lunule Lateral
nail fold
(a)
Free edge Body Cuticle Root of nail

of nail of
nail Proximal Nail
nail fold matrix
(b) Nail bed Bone of fingertip
Figure 4.8a Structure of a nail.
Lunule Lateral
nail fold
(a)
Free edge Body Cuticle

of nail of
nail
Figure 4.8b Structure of a nail.
Free edge Body Cuticle Root of nail

of nail of
nail Proximal Nail
nail fold matrix
(b) Nail bed Bone of fingertip
Figure 4.9 Cutaneous lesions.
(a) Cold sores (b) Impetigo (c) Psoriasis
Figure 4.9a Cutaneous lesions.
(a) Cold sores
Figure 4.9b Cutaneous lesions.
(b) Impetigo
Figure 4.9c Cutaneous lesions.
(c) Psoriasis
Figure 4.10 Burns.
Totals
4½% Anterior and posterior
head and neck, 9%
Anterior and posterior

upper limbs, 18%

4½% 4½% trunk, 36%
Anterior
trunk, 18%
Perineum, 1%
9% 9%

lower limbs, 36%
10 0%
(a) Rule of nines (b) Examples of burns
Figure 4.10a Burns.
Totals
4½%
Anterior and
posterior head and
neck, 9%
Anterior and
posterior upper
limbs, 18%
Anterior and
4½% 4½% posterior trunk, 36%
Anterior
trunk,
18%
Perineum,
1%
9% 9%
Anterior and
posterior lower
limbs, 36%
100%
(a) Rule of nines

Figure 4.10b Burns.
(b) Examples of burns
Figure 4.11 Photographs of skin cancers.
(a) Basal cell carcinoma (b) Squamous cell carcinoma (c) Melanoma
Figure 4.11a Photographs of skin cancers.
(a) Basal cell carcinoma
Figure 4.11b Photographs of skin cancers.
(b) Squamous cell carcinoma
Figure 4.11c Photographs of skin cancers.
(c) Melanoma
Focus on Careers 4.1 Medical Transcriptionist.
Systems in Sync 4.1 Homeostatic Relationships between the Integumentary System and Other Body Systems.
Nervous System
Skin protects nervous system organs;
cutaneous sensory receptors located in skin
Endocrine System Nervous system regulates diameter of
Skin protects endocrine organs blood vessels in skin; activates sweat
Androgens produced by the glands (contributing to thermoregulation);
endocrine system activate interprets cutaneous sensation; activates
sebaceous glands and help arrector pili muscles
regulate hair growth; estrogen Respiratory System
helps maintain skin hydration
Skin protects respiratory organs
Lymphatic System/Immunity Respiratory system furnishes oxygen to
Skin protects lymphoid organs; skin cells and removes carbon dioxide via
prevents pathogen invasion gas exchange with blood
Lymphatic system prevents edema Cardiovascular System
by picking up excessive leaked fluid;
immune system protects skin cells Skin protects cardiovascular organs;
prevents fluid loss from body surface;
Digestive System serves as blood reservoir
Skin protects digestive Cardiovascular system transports oxygen
organs; provides vitamin D and nutrients to skin and removes wastes
needed for calcium absorption from skin; provides substances needed
by skin glands to make their secretions
Digestive system provides
nutrients needed by the skin Reproductive System
Urinary System Skin protects reproductive organs; highly
Skin protects urinary organs; excretes modified sweat glands (mammary glands)
salts and some nitrogen-containing produce milk. During pregnancy, skin
wastes in sweat stretches to accommodate growing fetus;
changes in skin pigmentation may occur
Urinary system activates vitamin D
made by keratinocytes; disposes Integumentary
of nitrogen-containing wastes of System (Skin)
skin metabolism
S keletal System
Muscular System Skin protects bones; skin synthesizes
Skin protects muscles vitamin D that bones need for normal
Active muscles generate large amounts calcium absorption and deposit of bone
of heat, which increases blood flow to (calcium) salts, which make bones hard
the skin and may promote activation of Skeletal system provides support
sweat glands of skin for the skin

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Chapter 4 Opener

(a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) Mucosa

(b) Mucous membranes line body cavities

(c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to exterior.

Outer balloon wall

(a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin)

(b) Mucous membranes line body cavities

(c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to exterior.

Outer balloon wall

(d) A fist thrust into a limp balloon demonstrates

Stratum corneum. Cells are dead, flat

Stratum granulosum. Cells are flattened,

Stratum basale. Stem cells are actively

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Stage I I decubitus (b) Stage I I I decubitus

(a) Stage I I decubitus

(b) Stage I I I decubitus

(a) Photomicrogr aph of a se ct i o ned (b) Photom icrograph of a

(a) Photomicrograph of a sectioned

Hair matrix (growth

(c) Scanning electron micrograph

Hair matrix (growth

Free edge Body Cuticle Root of nail

(b) Nail bed Bone of fingertip

Free edge Body Cuticle

Free edge Body Cuticle Root of nail

(b) Nail bed Bone of fingertip

(a) Cold sores (b) Impetigo (c) Psoriasis

(a) Cold sores

Anterior and posterior

Anterior and posterior

Anterior and posterior

(a) Rule of nines

(b) Examples of burns

(a) Basal cell carcinoma

(b) Squamous cell carcinoma

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