PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
 Good
Research
Paper
 WRITING A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE

STEP 1: Ask questions and note the answers:

• What is my paper about?
• What techniques or designs were used?
• Who/what is studied?
• What were the results?
 WRITING A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE

STEP 2: Use your answers to list keywords.

STEP 3: Create a sentence that includes the key
words you listed.
STEP 4: Delete all unnecessary/ repetitive words and
link the remaining.
STEP 5: Delete non-essential information and
reword the title.
 WRITING A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE

• Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the

study.
• Use words that create a positive impression and
stimulate reader interest.
• Use current nomenclature from the field of
study.
 WRITING A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE
• Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the
major hypothesis.
• Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words.
• Do not include "study of," "analysis of" or similar
constructions.
• Use correct grammar and capitalization with all first words and
last words capitalized, including the first word of a subtitle. All
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that appear
between the first and last words of the title are also capitalized.
MODULE 3
 MODULE 3
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Provide the justifications/reasons for conducting the research

• States research question
• Indicates scope and delimitation of research
• Cites benefits and beneficiaries of research
• Present written statement of the problem
PARTS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 the
Introducti
 WRITING THE
INTRODUCTION

• The introduction should give information as to

what the study is all about.
• The introduction should present the scope and
coverage of the study.
• It should show the existence of an unsatisfactory
condition, a felt problem that needs a solution.
 WRITING THE
INTRODUCTION

• It should be linked to the statement of the

problem.
• Include as part of the introduction, a background
of the study.
• provide information on how the problem arose
and evolved.
 WRITING THE
INTRODUCTION
 al
Framewor
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• This section should present the different theories,
models, paradigms, perspectives related to the
variables, problem statement and hypothesis of the
present study.
• The researcher/s should test, confirm, validate, or
verify the cited theories in other situations or
attempt to formulate a new theory
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical frameworks in research strengthen
research in three important ways: it forms
• a frame of reference;
• it provides a general model for analysis of events
and
• it guide reflective decision making (Hoy & Tarter,
2002).
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Examples of theoretical frameworks in research
• In literature, a scholar using postmodernist literary theory
would analyze The Great Gatsby  differently than a scholar
using Marxist literary theory.
• In psychology, a behaviorist approach to depression would
involve different methods and assumptions than a
psychoanalytical approach.
• In economics, wealth inequality would be explained and
interpreted differently within classical economics and
Keynesian economics frameworks.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
How to create a theoretical framework:

1. Identify your key concepts

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
How to create a theoretical framework:

2. Evaluate and explain relevant theories

• conduct a thorough literature review
• aim to compare and critically evaluate the approaches that
different authors have proposed.
• establish the definitions that best fit your research and
justify why this is the case.
• mention the most important theories related to your key
concepts.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The structure of the theoretical framework

• The important thing is to create a clear, logical structure.
• cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Example of a theoretical framework
 al
Framewor
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• illustrates what you expect to find through your

research.
• Defines the relevant variables for your study and maps
out how they might relate to each other.
• It is often represented in a visual format.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• The conceptual framework should be anchored on the
theoretical framework.
• . A paradigm of the study showing a diagram
representation of the conceptual framework should be
included in this section.
• The details of the variables to be observed in the
current study, the concepts defined, the
operationalization of the variable-concepts, and the
scheme of measuring the variables should be well-
explained.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• INPUT-PROCESS-
OUTPUT
is a functional graph that
identifies the inputs,
outputs, and required
processing tasks required
to
transform inputs into out
puts.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Example of a conceptual framework

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent and dependent variables

Independent Variable - hours of

study
Dependent Variable – exam
score
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• Moderating variables
A moderator alters the effect that an independent variable has on
a dependent variable.

Moderating Variable:
IQ
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Moderating variables
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Moderating variables
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• Mediating variable is a variable that links the independent and
dependent variables, allowing the relationship between them to
be better explained.

Mediating Variable:
number of practice
problems completed
 MODERATOR VS. MEDIATOR

MEDIATOR MODERATOR
affected by the independent not affected by the independent
variable, and it affects the variable, even though affects
dependent variable. the dependent variable.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• Controlled variables are variables that are held constant so that

they don’t interfere with the results.

Control Variable:
Health
Formulating
Research
Questions
FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTION

• The problem should be stated both in general and in

specific terms.
• The problem should be stated in the infinitive to such
as examine, analyze, determine, measure, assess,
evaluate, or find out.
• Specific questions should be stated using the guide
question words: “How,” “Will,” “What,” “Is there,”
etc.
FORMULATING RESEARCH
QUESTION
FORMULATING RESEARCH
QUESTION
FORMULATING RESEARCH
QUESTION
WHAT MAKES A STRONG RESEARCH QUESTION?
1. Focused and researchable
• Focuses on a single topic and problem
• Answerable using primary or secondary data
• Does not ask for a subjective value judgement

2. Feasible and specific

• Answerable within practical constraints
• Uses specific, well-defined concepts
• Does not ask for a conclusive solution, policy, or course of action
WHAT MAKES A STRONG RESEARCH QUESTION?

3. Relevant and original

• Addresses a problem relevant to your field or discipline
• Contributes to a topical social or academic debate
• Has not already been answered
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

1. It sets the boundaries and parameters of the problem on inquiry.

2. It also states the specific questions or sub-problems of the study.
3. It identifies the sectors or stakeholders that will benefit from the
study.
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

4. It describes the contributions your study will make and who will be
benefited.
5. It states the general problem or the subject or area to be investigated
by the research.
6. It presents what is already known about the topic and if there is still
a gap of knowledge.
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

7. It provides background information about the study and ends with

the purpose of the study.
8. It gives the reader an idea on what is being studied.
9. It includes practically all the information and data which are
authoritative and relevant to the topic of the study.
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

10. It summarizes present forms of knowledge on a specific subject

or provides a quick overview of current studies.
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

C 1. It sets the boundaries and parameters of the problem on inquiry.

2. It also states the specific questions or sub-problems of the study.
B 3. It identifies the sectors or stakeholders that will benefit from the
study.
D
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

D 4. It describes the contributions your study will make and who

will be benefited.
B 5. It states the general problem or the subject or area to be
investigated by the research.
A 6. It presents what is already known about the topic and if there
is still a gap of knowledge.
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

A 7. It provides background information about the study and ends

with the purpose of the study.
B 8. It gives the reader an idea on what is being studied.
A 9. It includes practically all the information and data which are
authoritative and relevant to the topic of the study.
 POST-TEST
Identify the part of research where the given information is stated or placed.

A. Introduction C. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem D. Significance of the Study

10. It summarizes present forms of knowledge on a specific

A subject or provides a quick overview of current studies.