Twitter Adoption and Use in

Mass Convergence and

Emergency Events
Amanda Lee Hughes &
Leysia Palen
University of Colorado at Boulder
 Overview
 This research focuses on the features of
Twitter use in emergency and mass
convergence situations, and offers an
examination of some Twitter-based
behaviors during late summer 2008.
 Twitter
 Micro-blogging service where users share
short messages up to 140 characters in
length
 Messages can be sent and retrieved through
email, text messaging, instant messaging,
the Internet, and other third-party
applications
 Over 3 million user accounts
 Nearly 1 million messages sent per day
 Events of Study
 August and September of 2008
 Democratic National Convention (DNC)
 Republican National Convention (RNC)
 Hurricane Gustav
 Hurricane Ike
Event Timeline
 Data Collection
Event Data Search Terms # Tweets Avg. # # Users
Collection Tweets per
Timeframe Day
Conventions
DNC 21 Aug 2008 – denver, dnc 21,139 2,642 9,417
28 Aug 2008
RNC 8 Aug 2008 – rnc, st paul, 17,588 2,199 8,613
4 Sep 2008 saint paul
Hurricanes
Gustav 25 Aug 2008 – gustav, 38,373 3,488 14,478
4 Sep 2008 hurricane
Ike 1 Sep 2008 – ike, hurricane 59,963 4,283 20,689
14 Sep 2008
 Data Collection
 General User Sample
 Taken during our entire data collection timeframe,
August 21, 2008 – September 14, 2008.
 Approximately 27 million tweets where sent during
this time frame
 Randomly sampled 27,000 tweets
 Our Sample ended up being 18,308 tweets because
roughly 30% of the tweets sampled were private
 We did not exclude tweets from our other data sets
 Daily Twitter Activity
DNC RNC
(Aug 25 - Aug (Sep 1 - Sep 4)

12000 12000
10000 10000

8000 8000

6000 6000

4000
# Tweets4000
Using
Sampling Keywords # Tweets
2000Using
2000
Sampling Keywords
0 0

Aug 28,Aug
2008
29,Aug
2008
30,Aug
2008 Sep 1, 2008
31, 2008 Sep 2, 2008
Sep 3, 2008
Sep 4, 2008
Aug 21,Aug
2008
22,Aug
2008
23,Aug
2008
24,Aug
2008
25,Aug
2008
26,Aug
2008
27,Aug
2008
28, 2008
Date
Date
 Daily Twitter Activity
Ike Gustav
(US Landfall on Sep 13) (US Landfall on Sep 1)

12000 12000

10000 10000

8000 8000

6000 6000

4000 4000
# Tweets Using Keywords
Sampling
2000Keywords 2000

0 0
# Tweets Using Sampling

Sep Sep
1, 2008
Sep
2, 2008
Sep
3, 2008
Sep
4, 2008
Sep
5, 2008
Sep
6, 2008
Sep
7, 2008
Sep
8, 2008
9, 2008 Aug 25,
Aug2008
26,
Aug2008
27,
Aug2008
28,
Aug2008
29,
Aug2008
30,
Aug Sep
2008
31, 1,Sep
2008 2008
2,Sep
2008
3,Sep
2008
4, 2008
Sep Sep
10, 2008
Sep
11, 2008
Sep
12, 2008
Sep
13, 2008
14, 2008

Date Date
 Daily Twitter Activity
 Our results suggest that the quantity of
Twitter activity measured correlates to both
size and significance of happenings.
Number of Tweets Per User
80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

Dnc
Rnc
40.00% Gustav
Ike

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Number of Tweets Per User
 This suggests similar patterns of macro Twitter
behavior: that the number of Twitter senders
decreases as the number of messages sent
increases.
 It also supports the idea that people serve as
“information hubs” (Palen and Liu, 2007) to
collect and deploy information, but that many
others “participate” in the event in a more
peripheral fashion.
 Reply Tweet Example
 @miamiherald what did Gov. Crist say
this morning about the Hurricane and
Evacs? #Ike
 Reply Tweets

Event/Data Avg. # Reply Avg. # of Sampled Percentage of

Set Tweets per Day Tweets per Day Reply Tweets
Conventions
DNC 169 2,642 6.40%
RNC 166 2,199 7.54%
Hurricanes
Gustav 202 3,488 5.80%
Ike 265 4,283 6.18%
Sample of the General Population Tweets During Same Time Period
General 159 732 21.76%
 Reply Tweets
 Percentage of reply tweets found in the
random tweets data sample was much
higher than that of our convention and
hurricane data samples
 More broadcast-based information sharing
activities happen during mass convergence
and crisis events
 Contextual messages not containing the key
words we searched on were not included
 URL Tweet Examples
 Hurricane Ike hampers relief effort in
Haiti - guardian.co.uk
http://tinyurl.com/5qwkjo
 For latest shelter info:
http://www.msema.org/ #gustav
 URL Tweets

Event/Data Avg. # URL Avg. # of Sampled Percentage of

Set Tweets per Day Tweets per Day URL Tweets
Conventions
DNC 1,143 2,642 43.25%
RNC 805 2,199 36.59%
Hurricanes
Gustav 1,827 3,488 52.38%
Ike 2,136 4,283 49.87%
Sample of the General Population Tweets During Same Time Period
General 180 732 24.57%
60

50

40 DNC
RNC
30
Gustav
20 Ike
General
10

0
% URL Tweets
 URL Tweets
 Supports the idea that users are serving as
information brokers
 Differences between the event types could
be because emergency events have higher
information demands than mass
convergence but non-emergency events.
 Adoption of Twitter

Event/Data # New Users Remaining # In- % In- and Low- Remaining # % Active
Set During Data and Low-Active Active Users Active Users (1 Users
Collection Time Users (<1 or more
Period update/wk) update(s)/wk)
Conventions
DNC 619 258 41.68% 361 58.32%
RNC 565 274 48.50% 291 51.50%
Hurricanes
Gustav 1983 1342 67.68% 641 32.32%
Ike 2376 1286 54.12% 1090 45.88%
Sample of the General Population Users During Same Time Period
General 3541 2957 83.51% 584 16.49%
 Adoption of Twitter
 Suggests that when faced with a need and
having important and direct experience of
usefulness with it, people are more likely
adopt a new technology for the long term.
 Conclusions
 Indicators that Twitter messages sent during
emergency and mass convergence events reveal
features of information dissemination that support
information broadcasting and brokerage.
 Twitter seems to have evolved over time to offer
more of an information-sharing purpose.
 Preliminary evidence that those new Twitter users
who join during and in apparent relation to a non-
routine event are more likely to become long-
term adopters of the technology.