UNIT I

The world
during Rizal's
time
• History 12 (Rizal’s Life, Works
and Writings) Presented by:
ROY D. PERFUMA Dept. of
Social Sciences College of Arts
& Sciences CENTRAL
MINDANAO UNIVERSITY.
• Challenges and Response of the 19th
Century • The 19th Century was
extremely dynamic and creative age
especially in Europe and the United
States. Six Major Changes of the 19th
Century: The struggle for
nationalism Gradual spread of
democracy Modernization of Living
through the Industrial Revolution
Advancement in Science and
Technology Growth of Imperialism
New Ideas and Confidence for
Growth
• Challenges and Response of the
19th Century 1.Struggle for
Nationalism Nationalism-
feeling of oneness by a group of
people who believe that they
possess common traditions,
culture, goals or ideas
Throughout the 19th century,
many revolted against their
rulers. TWO MAJOR UPHEAVALS
that influenced the thinking and
development of the 19th century:
American Revolution(1775-
1783)-resulted in the complete
independence of the Americans
from Great Britain. 2. French
Revolution( 1779-1789)- ended
the absolutism and feudal
privileges after monarchy was
overthrown.
• French Revolution: 1879-
1889
•  King Louis XVI and Marie
Antonnette
• The Execution of King Louis
and Marie Antonnette
•  The American
Revolution:1775-1783
• Struggle between the Liberals and the
Conservatives: Liberals believed a country
should be free from domination by
another and the people should enjoy
liberty, equality and opportunity.
Conservatives supported the “good old
days” when monarchs and kings ruled over
their subjects. Spirit of nationalism spread
outside Europe: Canada became a self
governing nation in 1867, Spain lost its
colonies in South America after its subject
liberated themselves for Independence.
• Challenges and Response of the 19th
Century 2. Spread of Democracy
“Government of the People, by the
People and for the people” In France,
following the establishment of the Third
Republic in 1875, laws were enacted that
advanced democracy, such as right of
suffrage for everyone. In England,
reforms were passed in the Parliament;
new election districts formed, cabinet
system was adopted(House of Commons
and House of Lords),
slavery abolished in the colonies.
Outside Europe, Australia adopted
secret ballot system and right to vote
in 1885; New Zealand also adopted
the right to vote in 1893. In the
United States, Andrew Jackson and
Abraham Lincoln were elected by
popular votes. The American Civil
War(1860-1865) ended slavery.
• Challenges and Response of the 19th
Century 3. Modernization of Living brought
about by the Industrial Revolution • Two
Major Changes in the industries (a.) Shift
from manual labor to machine works, and
(b.) from domestic system to the factory
system. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION The introduction of new
machines such as spinning jenny, spinning
frame, spinning shuttle, cotton gin and
sewing machine hastened the revolution in
the textile manufacturing.
• Challenges and Response of the 19th
Century Effects of the Industrial
Revolution Coal, iron and steel became
basic materials in the industry, which led
to the improvement of the transportation
system also brought about by the
invention of steamships, locomotives,
automobiles. The invention of
telephone and telegraph, cable and postal
service and newspaper revolutionized
communication.
Invention of machines resulted in the
establishment of factories, towns became
cities, thousands of workers were employed
to achieve large scale production. As a
result, commodities became cheaper,
standard of living improved, national wealth
increased.
• Challenges and Response of the 19th Century
Effects of the Industrial Revolution(cont..)
Encouraged migration as people searched
for improved economic, social and political
conditions. Steady increased in population
as a result of better living conditions,
advancement in medicine and public hygiene.
SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM fostered with the
introduction of the new economic
philosophy, LAISSES FAIRE LAISSES FAIRE-
“LET WELL ENOUGH ALONE” OR “ HANDS
OFF”. A policy that prevented the
• government from interfering from private trade
and industry except trade and industry except
for the defense of nation from foreign
aggression, maintenance of peace maintenance
of peace and order, protection of investment in
foreign countries and private industry. and
private industry. Development of Capitalism
as a result of factory system which enhanced
growth of wealth. RISE OF THE MIDDLE
CLASS(composed of capitalist and laborers) who
eventually dominated the society and dictated
its social, moral and political standards.
• Challenges and Response of the 19th Century
The Effects of the Industrial Revolution The new
economic conditions however brought about
labor problems: Disputes between capitalist
and labourer over wages, working hours,
insurance benefits and working conditions.
RESPONSE TO THE GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEMS
BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION Liberals adopted the Laisses-Faire
policy; they allowed capitalist to expand their
businesses without restrictions. It resulted to the
widening gap bet the rich and the poor.
• Socialists believed that the government
should own and manage the means of
production for the benefit of many and not
just for the few; so long as the economic
activities are in control of the capitalist,
there would be no democracy. They
suggested reforms can be achieved gradually
and peacefully through normal political
process.
• Challenges and Response of the 19th Century
The EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Revolutionary Communism advocated by Karl
Marx in his Communist Manifesto • he believed
that only violent revolution could improve the
conditions of the working class. • He also
advocated abolition of private land ownership,
nationalization or centralization of the means of
production, confiscation of property • As a
response to the evil effects of Industrial
Revolution, Pope Leo XIII of the Catholic Church
advocated the Christian principles in
Rerum Novarum (Conditions of Labor)
-respect of rights -state regulations on the
right use private property -preservation of life
-state duty to provide favourable working
conditions -worker’s rights to form unions
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the
19th Century The Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the
19th Century 4. Advancement in Science
- atomic theory formulate by John
Dalton -element Radium discovered by
Marie Curie -Louise Pasteur discovered
the germs that caused diseases in man
and animals. -Robert Koch discovered
the infectious diseases causing bacteria
called anthrax and developed an
inoculation to prevent its spread.
-Dr. Joseph Lister developed
antiseptics to prevent infections.
-Dr. Crawford Long demonstrated
the use of anaesthesia in surgical
operations Dr. William Morton was
the first to use ether for painless
tooth extraction The advancement
in science and medicine improved
public sanitation and health
thereby increasing the average life
span of the population.
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the
19th Century 5. Growth of Imperialism
Imperialism defined as the activity of a
nation in extending its control and
authority beyond its territorial
boundaries through acquisition of a new
territory -” the desire of the civilized
nation to rule over weak or backward.
From economic standpoint , imperialism
is resorted to for the purpose of
securing raw materials, market s for
manufactured goods, outlet for surplus
population and fields of expansion for
investment for surplus capital. From
political standpoint, it maybe for the
acquisition of regions necessary for
national defense and territories For
religious standpoint, expansion is an
opportunity to spread religious mission
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the
19th Century 5. Growth of
Imperialism(cont..) During Rizal’s time,
England emerged as the world’s leading
imperialist power during the reign of
Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and succeeded
in establishing a global colonial empire. She
acquired Hongkong from the Chinese
Manchu Dynasty after the Opium
War(1840-1842); In 1859, the British
imposed its supremacy in Indian
subcontinent; After the Anglo-
Burmese Wars(1824-26, 1852 and 1885),
Burma was annexed. Other British colonies in
Asia include Ceylon, Maldives, Malaya,
Singapore and Egypt; and Australia and New
Zealand in the South Pacific. The French
followed the examples of the English; they
acquired Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as its
territory known as French Indochina. The
Dutch established its domain in the East
Indies( the present Indonesia). Czarist Russia,
expanded its territory eastward and acquired
Siberia, Kamchatka peninsula, the
Kuriles Islands and Alaska( which was later
sold to the US in 1867). Japan joined the
bandwagon of acquiring neighboring
territories following the opening of its door to
Western Imperialism. After the Sino-Japanese
War(1894-1895) she acquired
Formosa(Taiwan) and Pescadores; in 1910
Korea was annexed to its dominion. Germany
was the late comer to scramble for colonies
and acquired the Pacific Island of Yap in the
Carolines.
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the
19th Century 6. New Ideas and Confidence
for Growth • Democracy made significant
gains by several reforms in government and
social relations • Human rights were
extended to people. • Large sums of money
were spent for public education; education
for nationalism was stressed to teach the
people of a nation on its own glories and
achievements • Science received a great
boost from businessmen who spent money
for research, invention and
discoveries. • Literature centered
on the life of the time as writers
wrote about they saw and
experienced. • Painters and
artists painted life as it was all
around them ; Musicians and
composers showed their feeling
of nationalism in using folk songs
and national themes.
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response
of the 19th Century Rizal on the
Growth of Nationalism In his
letter to his Austrian friend
Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal
wrote, “ I would stimulate these
Philippine studies which are like
nosce te ipsum(Know Thyself)
that gives the true concept of
oneself and drives nation to
greatness.”  When
people become aware that they are
different from other race, they
become proud and willing to serve
their nation. They become patriotic
and develop proud in their country.
All these are possible only if they
know their country better.
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of
the 19th Century Rizal on the
French Revolution and American
War for Independence Rizal wished
that Spain would have benefited
the gifts of Liberty, Equality and
Progress and shared them with the
Philippines. However, “Spain did
not plant in those islands(The
Phils) those inestimable might
Gifts that they might be the exclusive
patrimony and feudal dominion of the
reactionary friars”.

• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of

the 19th Century How Nationalism
was Stimulated by Transportation
and Communication. Rizal wrote, “
The people go from island to
another, naturally communication
 and exchange of ideas have increased
and realizing they were all menaced
with the same danger and their
common sentiments are hurt, they
become friends and they unite”. 
Modern means of transportation and
communication brought the people of a
nation closer.
They began to realize their common
problems and aspirations. They felt the
need for closer union in solving their
problems and attaining their goals.
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of
the 19th Century Rizal on the
Advancement of Science In his novel
Noli, Rizal hailed the “ Jesuits whom
the Philippines owes her dawning
system of instruction in the natural
sciences, the soul of the nineteenth
century”.  As people become more
interested in science, many of its
secrets were discovered with
scientists around the world worked to
know more about the facts of nature.
Businessmen funded researches which in
turn, the results brought huge profits to
the business.
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of
the 19th Century Rizal on Imperialism
He said, “The Filipinos remained loyal
and faithful to Mother Spain for three
centuries, giving up their liberty and
, now fascinated by the promised
heaven, now flattered by the friendship
offered them by a great and noble
nation(Mother Spain), and now
compelled to submission by the
superiority of arms for persos with low
opinion of themselves…or now because
of foreign invaders, taking advantage of
the internal dissension, played the role
of the third party of divide and rule”
• Unit 1: Challenges and Response of
the 19th Century Rizal on Demand for
Independence The demand for
national identity and independence
was a result of Western ideas of
nationalism and democracy. Rizal was
prophetic when he said; “ No matter
how much the Filipinos owe Spain,
they cannot be compelled to
renounce their right of
redemption…However great is the
loyalty of the Filipinos, Spain cannot
prevent the fatal laws of history be
fulfilled.”
• Challenges and Response of the
19th Century Rizal on the
significance of Enlightenment for
progress of the Phils: “ Despite all
that system, organized, perfected
and followed with tenacity by
(Spain) who wished to keep the
islands in holy ignorance,
there are Filipino writers, free
thinkers, historians, chemists,
physicians, jurists, artists.
Enlightenment is spreading and
its persecution encourages it.
The divine flame of thought is
inextinguishable among the
Filipino people…”