Transcultural

Perspectives in the
Nursing Care of
Children
By

Group 2
Ancog Anoba Cinco
Estillore Firme Ganub
Jadraque Sunpayco
Importance of Children

Ensures cultural survival through the transmission of values and

customs from one generation to the next

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Defining Parents
-refers to the primary care provider whether natural, adoptive, relational
(grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins)

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Family Structures
Nuclear Families Single-Parent Extended Families Adoptive Families
Families

-Composed of two -Only one parent -consists of -Consists of parents

parents and their raising the members from three who adopt a child
children child/children or more generations
living under one
roof
-common in
Filipino culture

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Fig.1 Model depicting the interrelation of culture,
communication, and parental decisions about childrearing
practices.
Children as a Population
it is important to consider Considerations include:
various elements that shape this ● Physiological
population as a whole considerations
● Sociological considerations
● Cultural factors

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 Physiological considerations

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1. Racial and ethnic 2. Poverty

composition  -Refers to families
· Encompasses the that did not meet the
different ethnic minimum food and
groups a child non-food basic needs
01 02
belongs to

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3. Health Status
-Indicators of child health status include birth weight,
infant mortality, and immunization rates.
-Children from diverse cultural backgrounds have
less favorable indicators of health status
Barriers to quality health care services for children:
-poverty
-geography
-lack of cultural competence by health care
providers
-racism, and other forms of prejudice
4.Growth Development
-From the moment of conception, the
developmental processes of the human
life cycle take place in the context of
culture
.
-Human functioning cannot be separated
from the cultural and more immediate
context in which children develop.

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Social Considerations
1.Infant attachment  2.Crying
-Refers to the relationship that exists between
a child and their primary caregiver which
provides “a secure base from which to explore
and, when necessary, as a haven of safety and
a source of comfort
-Parental socialization, values, beliefs, goals,
and behaviors are factors that defines good
parenting
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 -Knowledge of cultural differences in parental
responses to crying is relevant for nurses
because assessment of the severity of an
infant’s distress is often based on the parent’s
interpretation of the crying
-Cultural differences exist in the way mothers
perceive, react, and behave in response to
their infants’ cues, behaviors, and demands.
Culture-Universal and Culture
Specific Child-Rearing
The values, attitudes, beliefs, and
practices of one’s culture affect the
way parents and other providers of
care relate to a child during various
developmental stages.

Fig. 2 Model depicting cultural perspectives of childrearing.

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Cultural Factors
 1. Rearing
-This refers to the values, attitudes,
beliefs, and practices of a culture that
may influence or affect the upbringing of
parents and other providers of care
related to a child during their
developmental stages.
-In every culture, infants are valued,
prized and nurtured well for they are
considered as the future generations.
2. Nutrition 
-The culture related to the feeding and eating behaviors varies
across different cultures and this can possibly affect a child’s
health; in some cases it can be in a threatening way.
-Health status is dependent on the nutritional intake, in
consequence, inclining to the child’s nutritional status and
wellness.
Malnutrition
-Not exclusive to children from lower socioeconomic groups
-Middle and upper socioeconomic families have malnourished
obese children
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Cultural Factors
3. Sleeping 
-In different ages, the amount of sleep Bed sharing
necessary is similar but different - The practice of a child sleeping with another
cultures have different sleeping patterns person on the same sleeping surface
and bedtime rituals or practices. Co-sleeping

-Sleep practices in a family household - Practice of sleeping in close proximity to a

baby
mirror the moral ideals of a community.
Nurses who work with families of young The type of bed a child utilizes in sleeping
children usually come across cultural might differ greatly in different cultures.

differences in sleeping behaviors.

.

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Cultural Factors
5. Menstrual
- It is a body phenomenon which signals that the girl’s body is
physiologically becoming able for motherhood in most cultures.
- known to be influenced by diet, exercise, and stress level in women
through all ages.
- ethnicity is the strongest determinant of the duration and character of
menstrual flow.

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Cultural Factors
6. Parent-child relationships and Discipline
In some cultures, both parents assume the responsibility for taking care of their children while in other
cultures, the mother assumes the primary relationship while the father is distant in this aspect.
As the child approaches adolescence, gender-related aspects of the relationship between the parent and
child may be modified to conform to cultural expectations. In some cultures, children are encouraged to join
and participate in family discussions and decision-making. 
Moreover, there are certain cultures where boys are permitted more freedom compared to girls of the
same age.
In disciplining, the use of physical acts is associated in many cultural groups but can be perceived as
inappropriate by those who are not part of that certain culture.
As the child approaches adolescence, parental relationships and discipline change where teens have an
increasing level of freedom and are encouraged to assume adult roles in a supervised setting so that
parents still retain control.

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Cultural Factors
7. Child Abuse vs. Folk Healing
-Cross-cultural variability in childrearing beliefs and practices resulted to a dilemma that makes the
universal standard for child care as well as definition of child abuse and neglect difficult.

Korbin’s (1991) definition of child maltreatment

- Cultural differences in childrearing practices and beliefs
- Departure from one’s culturally accepted behaviour
- Harm to children

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Cultural Factors
8. Gender Differences  For children, gender differences can
be recognized cross-culturally in six
-Since birth, the differences between sexes have already been identified. classes of behaviour
Physical differences between boys and girls manifest early in life and is a
- Nurturance
basis for adult roles in a culture.
- Responsibility
-New born boys are larger and more active with more muscle
development while newborn girls react more positively to comforting. - Obedience
-In terms of physiological aspect, adult men and women differ in both - Self-reliance
primary and secondary sex characteristics.
- Achievement
-In terms of behavior, there are differences in both sexes, especially in the
division of labor, and early differentiation of gender roles shows in gender- - Independence
specific activities, play, and dress.

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INFLUENCING FACTORS
1. Illness
-Children who are chronically
ill tend to be more submissive
and less socially outgoing than
healthy children.
2. Health Belief Systems
- differences in health belief
systems and language barriers
may result in a lack of trust in
healthcare providers.

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INFLUENCING FACTORS
3. Culture-bound syndromes (folk 4. Bio-cultural Influences
illnesses)  -Cultural differences in interactions between
- a collection of symptoms and signs adults and children also affect how a child
restricted to a limited number of certain socially behaves.
cultures by reason of certain psychosocial
features
- usually restricted to a specific setting and
have a special relationship to that setting 

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INFLUENCING FACTORS
5. Immunity 6. Intermarriage
This determines the likelihood of a child to This refers to the union of two individuals
be affected by a certain disease or illness, each from different ethnicity, religion, or
whether contagious or non-contagious other cultural factors. 
- Higher levels of immunity = less
susceptibility
- Lower levels of immunity = more
susceptibility

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INFLUENCING FACTORS
7. Ethnicity
-Ethnicity can often have a positive influence in a way where we have a sense of belonging but
can also have a negative influence in creating barriers, or divisions between groups of people.
-Some ethnic groups experience discrimination and racism every day and can often result to the
degradation of the well-being of those within that ethnic group, especially of the children.

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CEBUANO PRACTICE IN CARING FOR CHILDREN
- Weaning (shift from sucking - Baptism
liquid to mastication of solids) - Discipline
- Pik-pik - Herbal medicines
- Hilot - Pabukal
- Bed-sharing within family - Tutho

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REFERENCES:
● Andrews, M. M., & Woodring, B. C. (2016). Transcultural Perspectives in the Nursing Care of Children. In Transcultural concepts
in nursing care (7th ed., pp. 153-185). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. 
● The childbearing and child-rearing family. (2016, October 08). Retrieved April 21, 2021, from
https://nursekey.com/the-childbearing-and-child-rearing-family/
● Children and ethnicity. (2019, August 30). Retrieved April 21, 2021, from
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/childhood-youth/childhood-and-youth-studies/childhood/children-and-ethnicity
● Ching, Y. (2020, June 11). How culture influences children's development. Retrieved April 21, 2021, from
https://theconversation.com/how-culture-influences-childrens-development-99791
● Frankenfield, G. (2000, June 22). Chronic illness may affect a child's social development. Retrieved April 8, 2021, from
https://www.webmd.com/children/news/20000622/chronic-illness-social-development
● Hancock, S. (2016). Transcultural Perspectives in the Nursing Care of Children. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/11705836/

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REFERENCES:
● Indexmundi(n.d.). Philippines ethnic group. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from
https://www.indexmundi.com/philippines/ethnic_groups.html#:~:text=Ethnic%20groups%3A,26.1%25%2C%20other%20foreign
%20ethnicity%20.
● Inocian R. (2020). Exploring a Culturally-Responsive Model and Theory for Sustainable Development in Education Based on
Cebuano Context. Retrieved from April 21, 2021, from
https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-organizations-models-applications-and-new-perspectives/exploring-a-culturally-r
esponsive-model-and-theory-for-sustainable-development-in-education-based-on
● Li, A. (2019, March 3). Culture-Bound syndromes. Retrieved April 21, 2021, from
http://globemedatberkeley.weebly.com/blog/culture-bound-syndromes
● Philippine Statistics Authority (2015). Gender and Special Population Groups. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from
https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__3E__CH__IP/0023E3D2010.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=5bf7d5c2-
1a5c-4991-a66d-5a3e07689377

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REFERENCES:
● The childbearing and child-rearing family. (2016, October 08). Retrieved April 20, 2021, from
https://nursekey.com/the-childbearing-and-child-rearing-family/
● United Nations Children's Fund (2015). Child Poverty in the Philippines. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from
https://www.unicef.org/philippines/media/461/file/Child%20Poverty%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf
● United Nations Children's Fund (2019). Many children and adolescents in the Philippines are not growing up healthily. Retrieved
April 20, 2021, from
https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/unicef-many-children-and-adolescents-philippines-are-not-growing-healthily
● What is Child REARING?: Health and Human SERVICES DEGRES. (2020, February 16). Retrieved April 21, 2021, from
https://www.tuw.edu/school-news/what-is-child-rearing/

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Thanks for
Listening!
Any
Any questions?
questions?

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