SEIZURE

What is Seizure?
• The clinical manifestation of an
abnormal and excessive excitation and
synchronization of a population of
cortical neurons
• A sudden, brief disruption of the
normal functioning of neurons the brain
• Seizure is the electrical disruption
involves the entire brain
 A seizure may appear as:
A sudden cry and fall, followed by
Loss of
bowel/bladder control
Slow return to
consciousness, post-
seizure confusion
Shallow/interrupted and/or fatigue
breathing -cyanosis
Convulsive
movements of all
limbs
 What causes Seizure?
 High fever, especially  Metabolic
in infants disturbances
 Drug use, alcohol  Head trauma
withdrawal  Brain tumor, infection,
 Near-drowning or lack stroke
of oxygen from  Complication of diabetes
another cause or pregnancy
 Alcohol abuse  Lack of sleep
 Illegal drugs such as  Low blood sodium
cocaine
 Brain tumor
 Stroke
 Head trauma that causes an area of bleeding in the brain
  Temporary confusion
 A starting spell
SY  Uncontrollable jerking movement
Mp  Loss of consciousness and awareness
TO  Cognitive or emotional symptoms, such
MS as fear, anxiety or dejavu
Pathophysiology of Seizure

A seizures occur when a portion of the brain becomes overly

excited or when nerves in the brain begin to fire together in an
abnormal fashion.
Seizures activity can arise in areas of the brain that are malformed
from birth defected of genetic disorder or disrupted from
infections, injures tumors, strokes, or inadequate oxygenation
The pathophysiological of seizures result from the abrupt
imbalance between the forces that excite and inhibit the nerve cell
such that the excitatory forces take precedence.
The electrical signal then spreads to the surrounding normal brain
cells begin to fire in concert with the abnormal cell.
 Pathophysiology of Seizure

• With prolonged or recurrent seizures over a

short period, the risk of future seizures
increases as a nerve cell death, scar tissue
formation and sprouting of new axons occur.
• Nerve cells discharges normally have a
negative charge internally due to the active
pumping of positively charge calcium ions.
• The pathophysiology of seizures can occur
due to increased excitation of the nerve cell,
decreased inhibition of the nerve cell, or a
combination of both influences.
 Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Factors influencing
decision:
 Ability to identify focus of
seizures
 Area of brain involved can
be safely removed without
resulting in a significant
deficit
 Other treatments have
been unsuccessful
Vargus Nerve Stimulation Other Medication
 An implanted device that  Responsive
sends regular, mild electrical neurostimulation
pulses to the brain via the  Deep brain stimulation
vagus nerve  Dietary therapy
 May also be activated
by an external
magnet
 Functioning of the VNS may
be affected by the use of a
taser device.
VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION
Responsive neurostimulation
Deep brain stimulation