Development

of Visual Arts
 Introduction
• The history of art is as almost as long as the beginning of human
habitation
• The first visible form of art began in the oldest period in human
history which is categorized by cave paintings and portable pieces of
small figurines carved out of bone, modelled in clay or stone
• Artists in the past had been using different techniques in various
forms and have been always been interested in the horizons of
possibilities that is even something new to our understanding.
 Introduction
• The late 2oth century and 21st century marked the emergence of a different
kind of artist; an artist who started using technology in creating or
displaying art.
• Throughout the course of history, technology is progressing, expanding and
becoming less and less expensive, making it more accessible to everyone.
• As new technologies become available, artists learn to use them and
traditional means of expression are transformed and entirely new mediums
and means of expression are being developed.
 Introduction
• Exploring new mediums this very day is just as exciting, just as full of
freshness and newness as it ever was ( Johnson,2012).
• This trend towards greater use of technology as a creative tool will
continue into the future.
Prehistoric Times
 Prehistoric Painting
• Animal spear and other rudimentary materials were utilized
• They were drawn on caves, stones, and on earth-filled ground
• primarily focused on hunting and stylistic treatment
 Prehistoric Painting

Bison, detail of painted cave - Altamira, Chauvet Cave Art Paintings

Spain- c. BCE - Paleolithic
 Prehistoric Sculpture
• consisted of rude forms carved in stone and wood.
• Were created to commemorate heroes, heroines and
perpetuate memory of men
 Prehistoric Sculpture

Lepenski Vir is an important Mesolithic Venus of Brassempouy 25,000-20,000 BCE 

archaeological site located in Serbia
 Prehistoric Architecture
• started on Neolithic Age
• Paleolithic and Mesolithic- used caves for shelter and most probably for
religious ceremonies
• Oldest traces of man – stone tools
 Prehistoric Sculpture

Stonehenge in Southern England

Megalithic tomb, Mane Braz, Brittany 
Classical Period
 Classical Art
• Ancient art and architecture in Greece and Rome
• AKA Classical Antiquity or Classical Era
• Artists conveyed a vitality of life, sense of permanence, clarity, and harmony

Classical Art

Greek Art Roman Art

Greek Art
I. PAINTING
II. SCULPTURE
III. ARCHITECTURE
 Greek Art
• Often represented the mythological gods
• Sought to capture the perfect physical form of their objects in
artwork
• Art – expression of perfection and wanted to produce ideal form
• Used to explore nature and philosophy
Greek Painting
I. DETAILS
II. EXAMPLES
 Greek Painting
• Largely confined to pottery often with subjects from classical
mythology
• Subject matters: young wide males, draped females, wounded
soldiers and scenes from everyday life.
The Flotilla Fresco, recovered from the ruins of Akrotiri, Santorini, Greece
Minoan painting from the Hyksos palace at Avaris (Egypt, ca. 1600 BC)
Women driving a chariot pulled by horses (Tiryns, ca. 1300 BC)
From the Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, Italy (ca. 470 BC)
Greek Sculpture
I. DETAILS
II. EXAMPLES
 Greek Sculpture
• Focused on athleticism and mythology
• Statues represented objects in an idealized fashion, making them
unrealistic though beautiful
Daedalic Period
Greek Sculpture Classical Age
Hellenistic
 Daedalic Period
• Distinguishing features: “Archaic smile,” triangular or wig-like
hair, and large, almond-shaped eyes.
• mainly decorative
• forms follow Geometric standards, although the angular elements
are more rounded, the sizes are closer to reality and the
exaggerations in the size of facial characteristics are abandoned
The Nikandre statue: c.660 BCE The Lady of Auxerre”: c.640-620 BCE
 Classical Age
 Golden Age or Age of Pericles
 Temples were adorned with sculptured figures.
 Many statues depicted young victors of Greek Games
 The human body was the emphasis of art
 Male figures – always naked
 Female figures – fully draped
Artemision Bronze, thought to be either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE
The Marathon Youth, 4th century BCE bronze statue, possibly by
Praxiteles
So-called Venus Braschi by Praxiteles
Family group on a grave marker from Athens, National Archaeological
Museum, Athens
 Hellenistic
 Male and Female figures were shown very little or no clothing
 the naturalism of the body's form and expression to level of hyper-
realism where the expression of the sculpture's face and body
elicit an emotional response
Statue of a prince or dynast without crown, traditionally thought to be
a Seleucid prince, maybe Attalus II of Pergamon
The Winged Victory of Samothrace (Hellenistic), The
Louvre, Paris
 Venus de Milo (c.130-100 BCE)
Marble Statue, Musee du Louvre
Various Hellenistic sculpture fragments
Greek Architecture
I. DETAILS
II. EXAMPLES
 Greek Architecture
• Marble and stones were the pre-dominant building materials
• Post and lintel system of architecture
• Development of three styles or orders of columns:
Doric
Three Orders Ionic
Corinthian
 Three orders
Doric Ionic Corinthian

• With a plain abascus • Feminine and form an • Feminine and form an

inverted bell shape
capital inverted bell shape
• Tallest and most slender order
• Shortest, most massive • Taller and slender than the
• Has a capital featuring
and severe in appearance Doric order acanthus leaves, and has a
• A muscular order • Has either a pair of spirals base
or volutes capital and a
base
Three Orders
Roman Art
I. PAINTING
II. SCULPTURE
III. ARCHITECTURE
 Roman Art
• Shows preference for sharp forms and elongated figures
• Artwork was primarily used for ornamentation and decoration
• Realistic and natural forms
• Sometimes used as political propaganda
• Was encompassed in two periods: Etruscan and Roman periods
Roman Painting
I. DETAILS
II. EXAMPLES
 Roman Painting
• Created colorful murals with new subjects such as genre, still life,
landscapes and portraits
• In Etruscan Period, the subject matters of painting were ancestor
worship, catacombs and sarcophagus
• The Roman Period was characterized by commemorative statues,
sarcophagus, frescoes and designs with vine motifs
Etruscan Painting
EXAMPLES
Fresco of an Etruscan musician with a barbiton, Tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia
Etruscan dancer in the Tomb of the Augurs, Tarquinia, Italy
Roman Painting
EXAMPLES
Roman Frescoed Room
Roman Fresco, Villa of the Farnesina, Rome
Pompeian painter with painted statue and framed Heracles and Omphale, Roman fresco Pompeian
painting Pompeii Fourth Style (45-79 AD)
Roman Sculpture
I. DETAILS
II. EXAMPLES
 Roman Sculpture
• The Romans preferred to sculpt historical and real people
• Portrayed famous men and women in bust forms and
represented as if in real life, including individual
imperfections.
The "Capitoline Brutus“, 3-4 BC Bust of Emperor Claudius, c. 50 CE, (reworked from
a bust of emperor Caligula), Vatican Museums
Etruscan sarcophagus, 3rd century BC
Augustus of Prima Porta, statue of the emperor Augustus, 1st century AD, Vatican Museums
Roman Architecture
I. DETAILS
II. EXAMPLES
 Roman Architecture
• Used concrete in constructing buildings
• Preferred vaulting system of Architecture ( Rounded Arch,
Vault, and Dome)
• Combination of axis and center

Tuscan
Two Orders
Composite
 Two Roman orders
Tuscan Composite

• very plain design, with a plain shaft, • mixed order, combining the
and a simple capital, base, and volutes of the Ionic with the leaves
frieze of the Corinthian order
• simplified adaptation of the Doric
order
• looks the most solid
Two Roman Orders
Medieval Period
 Medieval Art
•Integration of technique between the elements of classical, early
Christian and barbarian
Types of Arts produced
in the Medieval Period
I. CERAMIC ART
II. HERALDRY
III. ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPT
IV. IVORY CARVING
V. MOSAIC
VI. SCULPTURE
VII. STAINED GLASS
VIII.TAPESTRY
IX. PAINTINGS
 Ceramic Art
• Early medieval ceramics were hand-shaped
• Produced Cooking pots and jars, jugs and pitchers and crucibles
 Heraldry
•Practice of designing and recording coats of arms and badges
 Ivory carving
•Carving of ivory by using sharp cutting tools, either mechanically or
manually.
 Mosaic
•Art of creating images with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other materials

Church of San Clemente mosaic, Rome

 Sculpture
Medieval
Sculpture
Romanesqu
Byzantine Gothic
e
 Byzantine Sculpture
•focused more on churches and biblical figures.
 Romanesque Sculpture
• gave prominence to biblical characters and human figures as
subjects.
• figures were carved in statues or relief with bodies fully clothed, flat
and draperies were usually swirled in whirlpool patterns around these
figures
• Church Arches were decorated with zigzag and geometric designs
 Romanesque Sculpture

Pórtico da Gloria, Santiago Cathedral Romanesque sculpture at Vezelay.

 Gothic Sculpture
• Evolved from early stiff and elongated style of the Romanesque
art
• Gothic human statues were given a life-like and natural look,
both in bodies and facial expressions.
• Its garments gave the impression of real bodies.
 Gothic Sculpture

The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Gothic sculpture, late 15th

Cathedral (ca. 1145) century, Amiens Cathedral.
 Stained Glass
• Small pieces of glass arranged to form patterns or pictures which are held
together by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame
 Tapestry
• Is a form of textile art usually hung for decorations
• Traditionally woven on a vertical loom with rich colored designs or scenes
 Painting
• Fresco wall-paintings and Panel paintings were produced.
• In Early Christian Period, subject matters of art were symbols such as cross,
fish, lamb, alpha and omega, triumphal wreaths, grapes, doves, and peacocks.
• Also in Christian art, Spiritual expression took precedence over physical
beauty
• In Byzantine Period, the subject matters of painting were Crist as the Creator
and Mary the Mother of God
• In Gothic Period, paintings were religious, grotesque, calmer and plastic in
style.
Early Christian Painting
 ByzantinePainting

Byzantine frescoes in Asinou Church, Nikitari, Cyprus.

 GothicPainting

Maestà del Duomo di Siena (Tempera and Gold on Wood)

 Medieval
Architecture
INTRODUCTION
 Medieval Architecture
• Symbolic in nature, with little regard for the functional design
• Churches were the most extraordinary buildings in this period
Early Christian & Byzantine
Architecture

Medieval Islamic Architecture

Architecture Romanesque
Architecture
Gothic Architecture
 Medieval
Architecture
I. EARLY CHRISTIAN
II. BYZANTINE
III. ROMANESQUE
IV. GOTHIC
 Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture
Architectural Structure : Church, Basilica & dome
1. Christian Basilica – rectangular building, the altar at one end &
straight line as a path.

Old St. Peter’s Basilica

 Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture
Architectural Structure : Church, Basilica & dome
2. Martyrium – circular building interpreted as center

Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

 Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture
• Byzantine Architecture – a totally spiritualized space of dome, symbolizing the
necessary persistent effort a Christian must exert to reach his final destination.

San Vitale Dome Hagia Sophia

Islamic Architecture
 Islamic Architecture
• Architectural Structure : Mosque – Principal building

Great Mosque of Samarra Taj Mahal in Agra, India

 Carolingian and
Romanesque Architecture
 Carolingian Architecture
• Characterized by an emphasis on westwork on the temporal power
• The pope and emperor join hands in perfect quality

St. Michael Church in Germany

 Ottonian Architecture
• architectural style which flourished during the reign of Emperor Otto the Great
• preserves the Carolingian double ended.

Ottonian Church of St. Cyriakus

 Romanesque Architecture
• Three kinds of building were established:
Pilgrimage Church

Santiago de Compostela
 Romanesque Architecture
• Three kinds of building were established:
Monastic Church

Monastery of Cluny Abbey

 Romanesque Architecture
• Three kinds of building were established:
Imperial Church

St. Mark’s Basilica

Gothic Architecture
 Gothic Architecture
• Architectural Structure: Cathedrals
• The features of Gothic style are : Pointed, Arch, Carved and Molded

Notre Dame de Paris Salisbury Cathedral St. Elizabeth Cathedral

Renaissance
 Renaissance
• a series of literary and cultural movements that began in
Italy and expanded to other parts of Europe
• Means rebirth or revival
• More visually accurate and secular.
• Human emotions were depicted liberally.
• Renaissance paintings were complicated and had more
depth due to the use of linear perspective
 Renaissance
Renaissance
Early High Late
Renaissan Renaissan Renaissan
ce ce ce
Early Renaissance
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PAINTING
III. SCULPTURE
IV. MAJOR ARTISTS
 Early Renaissance
• Began in Florence toward the end of the 14th century.
• The subject matter remained primarily Christian, a variety of
additional symbols and themes were introduced along with the
ideas from classical mythology.
Early Renaissance Painting
• Placed emphasis on simplicity, gesture and expression
• Painting depicted man and nature in fresco technique
Early Renaissance Artists
Giotto Di
Bondone
• Most important Italian 14th
century
• Works point to the
innovations of the
Renaissance style that
developed a century later
 Giotto Di Bondone

Madonna and Child Madonna Enthroned Flight into Egypt

Early Renaissance Artists
Donatello Di
Nicolo Bardi
• Forerunners of Florentine
Art
• Works mainly comprise of
low relief statues, usually
from wood or bronze
Donatello Di Nicolo Bardi

Magdalene Penitent Equestrian Young David

Early Renaissance Artists
Masaccio
• Along with Donatello and
Brunelleschi, he inspired the
art style that exemplifies art
of the renaissance period
• Developed a style that used
perspective in a way that it
created an illusion of three-
dimensions
 Masaccio

The Holy Trinity The Expulsion Madonna and child with

angels
Masaccio

The tribute money

Early Renaissance Artists
Filippo
Brunelleschi
• One of the pioneers of
Early Renaissance
• Invented linear perspective
 Filippo Brunelleschi

Dome of Florence Cathedral Pazzi chapel

Filippo Brunelleschi

Basilica of Saint Lawrence

High Renaissance
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PAINTING
III. SCULPTURE
 High Renaissance
• Produced the most, the best, and the art that epitomizes the
movement
• Many artists during this time were excelled in many different
things, the origin of the phrase ‘renaissance man’
High Renaissance Painting
• Placed emphasis on simplicity, gesture and expression
• Painting depicted man and nature in fresco technique
 High Renaissance Sculpture
• Sculptures became more secular than religious.
• Palaces were adorned with the sculpture cast in bronze .
High Renaissance Artists
Leonardo Da
Vinci
• Considered to be a true
Renaissance man, fo he
was skilled in many
subjcts, and is revered for
all achievements
• Invented linear perspective
 Leonardo di Vinci

Mona Lisa The Last Supper

 Leonardo di Vinci

The Annunciation
Adoration of the Magi
High Renaissance Artists
Michelangelo
Bounarroti
• Created two of the greatest
statues – David and Pieta
• Contender for the title of
Renaissance Man
Michelangelo

Ceiling of Sistine Chapel

 Michelangelo

Pieta
David
High Renaissance Artists
Raphael
• Architect and Master
Painter of the High
Renaissance
• Best knwn for the
perfection and grace in his
artwork
Raphael

School of Athens
 Raphael

Three Graces Portrait of Pope Julius II

Late Renaissance
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PAINTING
III. SCULPTURE
 Late Renaissance
• Mannerist compositions were full of clashing colors,
disquieting figures with abnormally elongated limbs, (often
torturous-looking) emotion and bizarre themes that
combined Classicism, Christianity, and mythology
Late Renaissance Painting
• The human figure is rendered using oil paints of sumptuous,
warm, and sensual colors.
Late Renaissance Sculpture
• The subject matters of sculpture were legends and myths of
Greece and Rome
• Artists given complete freedom on their choice of subject
Late Renaissance Artists
Titian
• One of the most versatile
Italian painter
• Equally adept with
landscape paintings,
portraits, and mystical
objects
 Titian

Sacred and Profane love

 Titian

Rape of Europa
Late Renaissance Artists
El Greco
• Spanish Renaissance artist
of Greek Descent
• Combined strict Byzantine
style of his homeland with
influences received during
his studies in Venice and
medieval tradition of
Spain
 El Greco

The Resurrection The Assumption of the The Holy Trinity

Virgin
 Renaissance Architecture
• Architectural Structure: a double dome shell structure accdg. to Gothic style
using white & colored marble usually rectangular & circular in form

Santo Spirito Pazzi Chapel Palazzo Rucellai

The Fine Art
 The Fine Art
• Denote art forms developed primarily for aesthetics and/or concepts

Baroque Art
The Fine Rococo Art
Art Neo-classicism
Romanticism
Baroque Art
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PAINTING
III. SCULPTURE
IV. ARCHITECTURE
 Baroque Art
• Started round 1600 in Rome, Italy
• Derived from the Portuguese word meaning “a pearl of irregular
shape”
• Its qualities were mostly associated with the grandeur, extravagance,
and sensuous richness
 Baroque Painting
• Ornate and fantastic
• Appeal to the emotion, sensual and decorative
• Made use of light and shadow to produce dramatic effects
• Show figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags.
• Among the greatest painters of the Baroque period are
Velázquez, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Poussin, and Vermeer.
 Baroque Painting

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp The Calling of Saint Matthew (1599–1600), by Caravaggio. 
 Baroque Painting

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Night Watch or

The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq Peter Paul Rubens, Galileo Galilei, c. 1630 
 Baroque Sculpture
• Started in the 17th century
• Depicted the beauty of art and stressed the expression of emotion
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini is the first developer of this style and many of his
works are the most important works in this period.
 Baroque Sculpture

The Ecstasy of St Theresa (1647–1652) Truth Unveiled by Time (1646-1652)

By Gian Lorenzo Bernini by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
 Baroque Architecture
• The architectural form consists of two centers & a path connecting them, the first center
which is the interior is located under the tomb, and the other center which is the exterior is
the path. Both centers convey the meaning of goal and the final arrival at the end of our life
and the path of heaven.

St. Peter’s Basilica of Rome (New) San Lorenzo Church in Turin, Italy
Rococo Art
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PAINTING
III. SCULPTURE
 Rococo Art
• Referred to as “Late Baroque”
• Developed in Early 1800’s in Paris
• Marked by elaborate ornamentation, as with an abundance of
scrolls, greenery, and animal
 Rococo Painting
• Placed emphasis on voluptuousness, picturesque and intimate
presentation of farm and country
• Used soft pastel colors
• Major painters in this period were: Jean-Antoine Watteau, Jean-
Honoré Fragonard, and Jean-Baptiste van Loo
 Rococo Painting

Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage on the Isle of The Swing (French: L'escarpolette)

Cythera   By Jean-Honoré Fragonard
 Rococo Sculpture
• Highly ornate and exquisite
• Ornamental purposes
• Appeared largely in furniture, panels, vases, and urns.
• Was first used in the court pf the French King Louis XV
 Rococo Sculpture

The Allegory of Sculpture Statue, 1746 CE. Amor Fashioning a Bow after the Club of Hercules,
 
By Etienne-Maurice Falconet 1750 by Edmé Bouchardon
Neo-classicism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MAJOR ARTISTS
 Neo-classcism
• Started in 1760
• Revival of styles and spirit of classic antiquity
• Based on the imitation of surviving classical models and types, especially
decorative arts
• Characterized by order, symmetry, and simplicity of style
• Sculptures depicted perfect human anatomy with a calm, reflective look
• Major Artists in this period were: Jacques- Lousi David and Jean-
Auguste Ingres
 Neo-classicism

Oath of the Horatii by Jacues-Louis David Hebe by Canova (1800–05)

Romanticism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PAINTING
III. SCULPTURE
IV. ARCHITECTURE
 Romanticism
• Began as a literary and philosophical movement
• Came from the term ‘romance’, a prose or poetic narrative favoring
heroism
• Favored wilderness and unbridled creativity
• Full of raw emotions and uprising against rationalism
 Romanticism Painting
• Delved on the artist’s reaction
to past events, landscapes
and people.
• Richer than Rococo

Caspar David Friedrich,

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818
 Romanticism Painting

Liberty leading the people by Eugene Delacroix Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa
 Romanticism Sculpture
• Depicted realistic figures with psychological attitudes of the French revolution

Cavalier gaulois  Monument to Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi, The Magnanimity of

by Antoine-Augustin Préault Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany-Galleria dell'Accademia
Romanticism Architecture
• More linear, stiffer, geometrically more regular and more academic
than its Italian counterparts.
• Essentially lifeless
• Use of natural materials was favored
Modernism in the
19 Century
th
 Modernism
• Began with the continuation of Neo-classicism and
Romanticism
• Modernism – wide range of experimental and avant-garde
art trends
 Renaissance
19 Century
th

Modernism
Post- Neo-
Impression
impressio impressionis
ism
nism m
Modernism in the 19 th

Century
I. IMPRESSIONISM
II. POST- IMPRESSIONISM
III. POINTILLISM/ NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Impressionism
• Movement away from art or representation probably started
in France
• ‘impressionist’ – suggestive
• Artwork gives a personal impression of what is seen.
• Artist is not trying to be a photographic realist
 Impressionism

Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), 1872

Post - Impressionism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Post-Impressionism
• Sought progress beyond the narrow imitative style of Impressionism
• Wasn’t a movement but a group (Cezanne, Van Gogh, Seurat, and
Gaugin, primarily) who moved past impressionism and to other,
separate endeavors
• Basis for several contemporary movements for early 20th century
modernism
• Impressionist wanted to work alone
Post-Impressionism

Vincent van Gogh, Cypresses, 1889

Post-Impressionism

Paul Cézanne, The Card Players, 1894–1895

Post-Impressionism

Paul Gauguin, The Midday Nap, 1894

Pointillism/ Neo-
Impressionism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Neo-Impressionism
• Also known as Pointillism
• A technique of painting, in which hundreds of small dots or dashes of pure
color are applied to canvas or other ground to create maximum luminosity
• Term used to describe the paintings of Georges Seurat and Paul Signac
 Neo-Impressionism

Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–1886

New Media, New Art
forms
(20 – 21 century)
th st
 New Media, New Art forms
(20th – 21st century)
• Used new materials and techniques of painting
• New theories on how art should reflect the perceived world
• Abandoned strict adherence to traditional hierarchies of mediums
and embraced any means
New Media, New Art forms
(20 – 21 century)
th st

I. FAUVISM AND EXPRESSIONISM

II. CUBISM
III. DADAISM
IV. SURREALISM
V. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
VI. POP ART
VII. OPTICAL ART
VIII.PHOTOREALISM
IX. MINIMALISM
 Fauvism and
Expressionism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Fauvism and Expressionism
• 21st century movement led by Matisse and Roualt
• ‘Les Fauves’ or the “Wild beast” -used wild colors and depictions of
primitive objects and people.
• Became known as “Expressionism”, notably to Germany.
• Fauvism and German Expressionism – both rest on the value of the
color applied
Fauvist – express joy
German Expressionist – darker side of human emotions
 Fauvism and Expressionism

Henri Matisse, Portrait of Madame Matisse , 1906 The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893)
 Cubism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. TYPES OF CUBISM AND EXAMPLES
 Cubism
• Abstract art
• Developed by Pablo Picasso
• Most influential art movement of the 20th century
• Organic forms broken down to geometric forms and
reassembled into abstract art
 Analytic Cubism
• Natural forms reduced to
basic geometric parts then
reassembled it within a
geometric framework in a
2D plane

Georges Braque, Glass on a Table, 1909–10

 SyntheticCubism
• Explores use of foreign objects as abstract signs
• Example of synthetic cubism: Collage on painting
 SyntheticCubism

Pablo Picasso, Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass, Guitar and Newspaper, 1913
SyntheticCubism

Juan Gris, The Sunblind, 1914

Dada Art
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Dada Art
• Artistic and literary movement - Zunich, Switzerland
• Rejected reason and logic, irrationality, and intuition
 Dada Art

Fountain (1917) by Marcel Duchamp Hannah Höch, Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife
through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in
Germany, 1919, collage of pasted papers
Surrealism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Surrealism
• Feature element of surprise, evocative juxtaposition of strange
images to include unconscious dream elements
• Expressed in two techniques: Naturalistic technique and Abstract
technique
 Surrealism

Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921, Artwork of Joan Miro

Tate London
 Surrealism

Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

Abstract Expressionism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Abstract Expressionism
• American post-world war II art movement
• Golden age of American art
• First American movement to achieve international influence
• Vary in style but share outlook in Freedom of expression
 Abstract Expressionism

Jackson Pollock, No. 5, 1948, oil on fiberboard Willem de Kooning, Woman V, 1952–1953. De Kooning's
series of Woman paintings in the early 1950s
Pop Art
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Pop Art
• Depicts methods, styles and themes of popular culture
• Employs techniques of commercial art or popular illustration
• Comic strips and advertising
 Pop Art

Andy Warhol, Campbell's Tomato Juice Box, 1964.

Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl, 1963
Synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink on wood
Optical Art
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Optical Art
• A dynamic visual art popularized in the 1960s
• Used to describe artworks that seem to swell and vibrate through
optical illusion
• Concerns interaction between illusion and picture plane that
produce dramatic visual effects that are difficult for the eye to resole
• Most created in black and white
 Optical Art

Movement in Squares, by Bridget Riley 1961 Intrinsic Harmony, by Richard Anuszkiewicz, 1965
Photorealism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Photorealism
• Subject matter: Everyday scenes which are portrayed in an extremely
detailed, exacting style.
• Also called Super realism, especially when referring to sculpture
• Painting genre using cameras and photographs to gather visual
information and create a painting that appears to be photographic.
 Photorealism

Water Colors – Photorealism by James

Mark, acrylic on canvas, by Chuck Close Torlakson
Minimalism
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXAMPLES
 Minimalism
• Also called ABC art, Minimal art, Reductivism, and Rejective art
• Emphasizes extreme simplification of form and literal, object
approach
• Minimal sculpture – extremely simple, monumental geometric
forms made of fiberglass, plastic, sheet metal, or aluminum, either
left raw or solidly painted with bright industrial colors
• Totally objective, unexpressive, and non-referential
 Minimalism

Die Fahne Hoch! By Frank Stella Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930
by Piet Mondrian
 Historical
development of
Philippine Arts
Pre-Colonial Period
 Pre-colonial Period
• Prehistoric relics and artifacts
unearthed from different parts of
the Philippines.
• Incudes fossils, secondary burial
jars, body ornaments, and artifacts
• 1000 AD – archaeological site of
high-fired ceramics – proof of
increased marine trade
Manunggul Jar
 Pre-colonial Architecture
• Filipino houses are made of light materials – bamboo, palm, vine, grass and wood
• Houses has pyramidal roof, low walls and floor raise a few feet above the ground
 Pre-colonial Sculpture
• consisted of rude forms carved in stone and wood.
• Were created to commemorate heroes, heroines and
perpetuate memory of men
 Early Philippine Music
• Pre-colonial Indigenous music- largely Phases of life Examples of song
functional Child Birth Kalinga appros
Courtship,love Kalinga Ading
• Expressed instrumentally, vocally or Tinggulan
both Inegegkak si
labago
• Music deeply integrated with native’s Death, Funerals Mariano Dikir
activities Hunting Manganinay
• Diverse and has been used for every Invited guest song Samat tenis-tenis
phase of life
 Philippine Indigenous Instruments
Aerophones Chordophon Idiophones Membranoph
es ones
• Wind instruments • Stringed instrument • Percussion instruments • Percussion instruments
• Example: • Example: • Example: • Example:

Tongali Kaltsang Kulintang

Kalinga nose flute, half tube cylinder played Set of 8 gongs made of Dabakan
played by men to court a by the Ibaloi of the bronze, on a wooden A single-headed Philippine
lady of their liking Northern Luzon sarimanok stand. drum
Hispanic Period
 Hispanic Period
• Profound changes in the life and art of the Filipinos
• Arts under supervision of the friars
• Arts were created to adorn churches and other centers of worship
• Arts were used to propagate Catholic faith
 Hispanic Period Painting
I. Painting in churches started in Manila area with the priests as
painter-decorators
• Augustinian Friars offered drawing lessons to the Filipinos.
• Painters: Jose Dans, Damiano Domingo, Justiniano Asuncion,
Alfonso Ongpin
 Hispanic Period Painting

Jose Dans Painting (Paete Church, Laguna)  "Un India Pescadora de Manila" (A Fish Vendor of
Manila) by Damian Domingo
 Hispanic Period Painting
II. THE ACADEMIA
• Simon Flores y dela Rosa, was one of those who studied at the Academia
 His subjects: religious paintings – Saint John the Baptist, Madonna and Child,
Feeding Chickens
• Lorenzo Guerrero, also studied in the Academia
 Master of non-religious and creative paintings – “From the Market”
• Felipe Roxas
 Landscape painter – “Church of Antipolo”
• Other painters: Felix Martinez, Ramon Martinez, Jose Martinez, Manuel Flores,
Anselmo Espiritu, Manuel Espiritu, and Pepe Lazano
• Rafael Enriquez: “La Muerte de Simon de Anda”
 Hispanic Period Painting

Saint John the Baptist by Simon Flores y Madonna and Child by Siomn Flores y Dela Rosa
Dela Rosa
Hispanic Period Painting

Felipe Roxas: Church of Antipolo

 Hispanic Period Painting
III. 19TH CENTURY MASTERS
• Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
 Received high honors abroad
 Juan Luna
 Spolarium, La Muerte de Cleopatra, El Pueblo y Los Reyes, Blood
Compact, Portrait of Legaspi
 Felix Hidalgo – studied in the Academia
 Paintings: Vigenes Cristianas Expuestas, Al Populacho, Barca de
Aqueronte, Oedipos and Antigone
Hispanic Period Painting

Juan Luna’s Spolarium

Hispanic Period Painting

Felix Hidalgo’s Vigenes Cristianas Expuestas

 Hispanic Period Sculpture
• Carving of anitos was replaced by carvings of saints
• First making of santos were under strict supervision of the church
authorities
• Most santos that were preserved made from wood.
• Usual subject of santos is many scenes of Christ’s life
• Only 17th century sculptor Filipino we know by name is Juan de los
Santos
 Hispanic Period Architecture
• Early part of Spanish Regime, houses used light materials
• Later, it uses stronger materials like stone, brick and tile
• Interior of Spanish Colonial houses – spacious
• Churches were in Baroque style
• Were parts of mission complexes which were also fortresses
• Composed of atrium, a convent, a priests residence, and a belfry
• Churches raised on the eastern side of the plaza
• Casa Real or Casa judicial on the opposite side
• Native houses were situated from the town center.
Hispanic Period Architecture

Example of a Spanish Colonial House

Hispanic Period Architecture

Façade of San Fernando City Church

Hispanic Period Architecture

The Bauang Church in La Union Facade

Hispanic Period Architecture

Façade of St. Paul’s Metropolitan Cathedral in Ilocos Sur

Hispanic Period Architecture

Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte

Hispanic Period Architecture

Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan

AmericanPeriod
 American Period Painting
• Has a lesser direct utility value unlike architecture; standstill due to restricted
commerce
• Famous painters: Miguel Zaragoza, Rafael Enriquez, Fabian dela Rosa, Teodoro
Buenaventura, Jorge Pineda, Ramon Peralta, Isidro Ancheta
• Rafael Enriquez organized the Association International de Artistas
 It sponsored an Exhibition on the Escolta and Vicente Rivera y Mir won two
first prizes with his oil entry El Sueno Dorado
 Ramon Peralta with his Cabeza de Estudio won 2nd prize
 Jorge Pineda for his landscape painting of the site of the Cry of Balintawak
won 2nd prize
 Fernando Amorsolo for his entry Leyendo Periodico won 2nd Prize
 American Period Painting
• Fabian dela Rosa
 A realist and a landscape painter
 Marikina Road, Quiet Street, Planting Rice
• Jorge Pineda
 Landscape Artist and mastered the art of lithography
 Works: Playing Chongka, Lantern Makers, Alayan
• Scenic Painters: Juan Abelardo, Ramon Peralta, Toribio Antillon, and Emilio Alvero
• Figure Painter: Isidro Ancheta
American Period Painting

The Cry of Balintawak by Jorge Pineda

American Period Painting

Leyendo Periodico by Fernando Amorsolo

 American Period Painting

Marikina Road, Quiet Street, Planting Rice by Fabian Dela Rosa

 American Period Sculpture
• After 1896 revolution – began to
erect monuments
• Monuments of Jose Rizal were
constructed in plazas
• Guillermo Tolentino was the
dominant figure in sculpture
U.P. Oblation by Guillermo Tolentino
 American Period Architecture
• Was patterned after civic buildings of the neoclassical style
• New York design influence – strongly reflective
• Use of new materials such as reinforced concrete, glass, and steel
• Urban planning was introduced
• New buildings were constructed to house various government services
• Juan Arellano and Antonio Tolledo were well-known architects in this period
due to their classical style.
American Period Architecture

Capitol Building in Bacolod City

American Period Architecture

Post Office Building in Plaza Lawton

American Period Architecture

The Congress of the Philippines Building

 Modernism to
Contemporary Period
 Modernism to Contemporary Painting
• In 1951: a gallery for the modern painting was established on a side
street of Calle Mabini in Ermita.
• This Gallery is called the Philippine Art Gallery
 Heads of Igorots, Ifugaos, Mindanao Moslems, Bagobos, and
Mangyans were the favorite subjects in their galleries.
 Painters: Romeo Enriquez (Sonata), Fernando Zobel Jr., Victor
Oteyza, Manuel Rodriguez, Hugo Yonzon, Manansala, Luz,
Bernardo Ocampo, Legazpi, Estella, and Tabuena.
Modernism to Contemporary Painting

Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread by Vicente Manansala

Modernism to Contemporary Painting

Pentecostal series by Hernando R. Ocampo

Modernism to Contemporary Sculpture
Napoleon Abueva
• National Artist in Sculpture, 1976
• He is the most outstanding modern
Filipino sculptor today.
• His best abstract sculpture is the
“Allegorical Harpoon”.
Modernism to Contemporary Sculpture

Allegorical Harpoon by Napoleon Abueva

Modernism to Contemporary Sculpture

The Pegaraw-pegasus and tamaraw by Transfiguration, 1979 at Eternal

Napoleon Abueva Gardens Memorial Park
 Modernism to Contemporary Architecture
• Classical Architecture lost ground
• Architects, who travelled and learned abroad came back with a deeper
understanding and knowledge of Art
• Famous Architects of this time were Fernando Ocampo, Juan Nakpil, and
Pablo Antonio
• Other promising architects were Felix Mendoza, V. Fromoso, C. Arguelles,
Cesar Concio, and O. Arellano
Modernism to Contemporary Architecture

Philippine National Bank Building

Modernism to Contemporary Architecture

The Insular Life Building

Modernism to Contemporary Architecture

Metropolitan Theatre in Liwasang Bonifacio