NUMB

ER
CIPHE
R
“NUMBER Direction: Answer the
following questions but in
CIPHER each question there’s a clue.
These clues are sets of
GAME” numbers that you need to
substitute into letters to be
able to get the correct word/s
or answer/s, for example A=1,
B=2, Z=26
ISSUES It is an important
topic or problem for
debate or discussion.
9, 19, 19, 21, 5, 19
LEARNING The acquisition of
knowledge or skills
through experience,
study, or by being taught.
12, 5, 1, 18, 14, 9, 14, 7
 To look at and comprehend the
READ meaning of (written or printed
matter) by mentally interpreting
the characters or symbols of which
it is composed.

18, 5, 1, 4
PHONEMES The smallest unit of sound
in speech.

16, 8, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 19

 The action or capability
COMPREHENSION of understanding
something.

3, 15, 13, 16, 18, 5, 8, 5,

14, 19, 9, 15, 14
Critical Issues
in Learning to
Read
By: Rizza Marie V.
Nicolas
 Critical Issues in Learning to Read
Issue with Phonemic
A Awareness 
Poor Comprehension
Skills B
Improper
C Directional Tracking
Poor Vision and
Hearing Loss D
 Issue with Phonemic
Awareness
Phonemes are the smallest units of speech-the
basic building blocks of speaking and writing.
Researchers have demonstrated that accomplished
readers are adept at recognizing phonemes and putting
them together to construct words and phrases. They do
this quickly, accurately, and automatically. The
absence of this critical linguistic skill makes it difficult
for children to decode and read single words, much
less sentences, paragraphs, and whole stories.
Phonemic Awareness

CAT
/k/, /a/, and /t/ sounds

OX
/o/, /k/, and /s/ sounds
 Poor Comprehension Skills

When a beginner reader

encounters vocabulary they do not
know or do not recognize due to
inaccurate decoding, they are likely
to skip ahead. The more blanks in a
line of text, the harder it is to make
meaning and the more cognitively
challenging and frustrating the
reading task becomes.
Improper Directional Tracking
Improper Directional Tracking is
when the child tries to read numbers
and words from right to left instead of
from left to right. Tracking issues also
occur when a student will confuse the
order of the letters in a word or see
them in reverse.
Improper Directional Tracking
Attention Deficit
Dyslexia Disorder (ADD)
and Attention-
Deficit
Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) 

Irlen Syndrome
Poor Vision and Hearing Loss

Poor vision and hearing loss may be

treated by a visit to your child’s physician or
family optician. Depending on the severity of
the hearing loss, your child may require
hearing aids and speech therapy to help them
adapt new learning skills for reading and
other school subjects.
Reading Difficulties
Explained By Age
 Elementary Age Reading Problems
Does not always recognize start or
end sounds Cannot spell

Guesses, mispronounces or
skips words while reading

Resists reading
Forgets words even right after
being helped
Middle School & Older Reading Problems

Slow Comprehension
Reader skills not
keeping up

Cannot read Does not

for long enjoy reading
periods
REFERENCES:
Rivera, A. G., & Aggabao, R. G. (n.d.). International Journal of Linguistics, Literature
and Translation (IJLLT) Reading Difficulties of Grade 5 Pupils in English. https://
doi.org/10.32996/ijllt

READING DIFFICULTIES EXPERIENCED BY LEARNERS IN THE FOUNDATION

PHASE IN INCLUSIVE SCHOOLS IN MAKAPANSTAD by BELLA DUDULA
HLALETHWA Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION
with specialization in. (2013).

Baafra, A., Todd, A., Kumler, J., & Linden, L. L. (2011). Improving Reading Skills by
Encouraging Children to Read: A Randomized Evaluation of the Sa Aklat Sisikat Reading
Program in the Philippines.

Digital, R., Rowan, W., & Works, D. (2011). The impact of a reading intervention
program on students with reading difficulties. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd

Mohammed, I., & Amponsah, O. (n.d.). Predominant factors contributing to low reading
abilities of pupils at Elsie Lund Basic School in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. https://
doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.64.18.071

https://www.readandspell.com/common-reading-problems
https://soundreading.com/identifying-common-reading-problems-young-children/
https://www.kidsacademy.mobi/storytime/reading-problems/
https://www.readingrockets.org/article/challenge-learning
https://www.gemmlearning.com/can-help/reading/programs/reading-problems-age/