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Lesson 5 - Butler and Fletcher
Lesson 5 - Butler and Fletcher
2. Which of these refers to pre-conventional state of the conscience: 7. What is the “collective conscience”?
D) A sense of right or wrong is based on Kantian principles of universalizability. D) Right or wrong is based on sanctions and risk of being excluded from society.
E) A sense of right or wrong is based on whether we get punished. E) Right or wrong is based on wanting the best for others.
F) A sense of right or wrong is based on consequentialist ideas. F) Right or wrong is based on upbringing.
3. Which scholar used the Heinz dilemma in their work? 8. Who said that the conscience is “an original revelation of God”?
G) Freud G) Aquinas
H) Piaget H) Butler
I) Kohlberg I) Schleiermacher
J) Aquinas
9. Which Christian scholar argued that the conscience is fallible but must still be
4. According to Freud, what part of the psyche produces feelings of guilt? followed?
K) Ego J) Aquinas
L) Super-Ego K) Butler
M) Id L) Schleiermacher
5. Who said that the conscience is the “inner parent”? 10. Who viewed the conscience as a survival mechanism designed to make
N) Freud humanity grow stronger?
O) Durkheim M) Fromm
P) Fromm N) Durkheim
O) Kohlberg
1. What is “synderesis”? 6. Whose work was influenced by their escape from the Nazis?
A) The rational part of the human mind. A) Kohlberg
B) The voice of God within us. B) Freud
C) The faculty of sympathy that makes us help others. C) Fromm
2. Which of these refers to pre-conventional state of the conscience: 7. What is the “authoritarian conscience” according to Fromm?
D) A sense of right or wrong is based on Kantian principles of D) Right or wrong is based on sanctions and risk of being excluded
universalizability. from society.
E) A sense of right or wrong is based on whether we get punished. E) Right or wrong is based on wanting the best for others.
F) A sense of right or wrong is based on consequentialist ideas. F) Right or wrong is based on upbringing.
3. Which scholar used the Heinz dilemma in their work? 8. Who said that the conscience is “an original revelation of God”?
G) Freud G) Aquinas
H) Piaget H) Butler
I) Kohlberg I) Schleiermacher
J) Aquinas
9. Which Christian scholar argued that the conscience is fallible but
4. According to Freud, what part of the psyche produces feelings of guilt? must still be followed?
K) Ego J) Aquinas
L) Super-Ego K) Butler
M) Id L) Schleiermacher
5. Who said that the conscience is the “inner parent”? 10. Who viewed the conscience as a survival mechanism designed to
N) Freud make society grow stronger?
O) Durkheim M) Fromm
P) Fromm N) Durkheim
O) Kohlberg
5 UNIT: Understanding the conscience. Lesson: 5 LO: The Conscience as a God-given faculty – intuitive, reflective and autonomous.
1. How would Schleiermacher, St Paul and Augustine argue that the conscience
allows people to make decisions about committing adultery and telling lies?
Prudence: Benevolence:
Self-
governing or
independent
1. Butler views the conscience as reflective and autonomous, this means that…
2. Butler argues that the conscience must be followed because…
3. Fletcher on the other hand argues…
4. He would reject Butler’s view because…
1. Butler views the conscience as reflective and autonomous, this means that the
conscience allows people to reflect on their past behaviour and what it means
for the present, and that the conscience is a self-governing faculty given to
humans by God. It is designed to balance between the principles of loving
oneself and loving others.
2. Butler argues that the conscience must be followed because it is given by God
and humans have a duty to follow him.
3. Fletcher on the other hand argues that the conscience is a verb – it is something
that we do when looking for the agapeic consequence for our actions.
4. He would reject Butler’s view because the conscience is not a faculty given to
us by God, it is the process of discerning the Rule of Love.
5 UNIT: Understanding the conscience. Lesson: 5 LO: The Conscience as a God-given faculty – intuitive, reflective and autonomous.
How
Explaining does&Joseph
Butler Fletcher Fletcher view the conscience?
in one paragraph
TASK: Check your knowledge and do the quiz.
1. Butler views the conscience as reflective and autonomous, this means that the
conscience allows people to reflect on their past behaviour and what it means
for the present, and that the conscience is a self-governing faculty given to
humans by God. It is designed to balance between the principles of loving
oneself and loving others.
2. Butler argues that the conscience must be followed because it is given by God
and humans have aProblems
duty to follow with
him.
3. Fletcher on the other Fletcher’s
hand argues view
that the conscience is a verb – it is
something that we do when looking for the agapeic consequence for our
actions. of the conscience
4. He would reject Butler’s view because the conscience is not a faculty given to
us by God, it is the process of discerning the Rule of Love.
5 UNIT: Understanding the conscience. Lesson: 5 LO: The Conscience as a God-given faculty – intuitive, reflective and autonomous.
• Reflects the nature of human compassion, • Why do some people do bad things if the
and the fact that we want to help others – conscience is intuitive?
could be associated with Hume’s “faculty of • Elizabeth Anscombe: Butler assumes that the
sympathy”. conscience will always be good because it is
• In the long run, balancing between self-love given by God.
• The conscience as a faculty of any sort is non-
and love for others should (logically) lead to
verifiable through empirical methods.
good consequences for humanity. • Nietzsche suggests that Kant and others have
• If there is a metaphysical “Mind” that is justified the existence of the conscience by
separate to the body, the conscience could be inventing a faculty in humans, that does not
a part of it. necessarily exist.
• Relies of fideism so implies that atheists have
been give their conscience by God but are not
using it properly.
5 UNIT: Understanding the conscience. Lesson: 5 LO: The Conscience as a God-given faculty – intuitive, reflective and autonomous.
1. Does Butler have an adequate explanation of the conscience? Explain your view with one
piece of evidence.
2. Higher level answers will discuss what “adequate” means when answering this question.