Module 4

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Data Management
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Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Define/Identify the basic concepts/terminologies
in statistics;
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2. Categorize data and the scales of measurement
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the data are of
measured; Mathematics
3. Identify the different methods of collecting data; and
4. Present data in various forms.
Two Major Areas of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
 This includes all the techniques used in organizing, summarizing
and presenting the data on hand
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 This area of statistics is concerned w/ collecting, describing, and
analyzing a set of data without drawing conclusions (or

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inferences) about a large group.
 This provides information only about the collected data and in no
way draws inferences.
 This can either be graphical or computational like construction of
tables, charts, graphs, and other relevant computations.bles.
Two Major Areas of Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
 This area is concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions
or inferences about the entire set of data.
 It involves all the techniques by which decisions about a statistical population are
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made based only on a sample having been observed or a judgment having been
obtained.

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 It is concerned more with generalizing information or making inference about the
population.
 Considered as the central function of modern statistics, inferential statistics is
concerned with two types of problems:
(a) estimation of population parameters, and
(b) tests of hypothesis
Two Types of Variables
1. Qualitative Variables 
 Qualitative variables are also called categorical variables.
 They are variables that are not numerical.
 A qualitative variable describes data that fits into categories. Its value does not
result from measuring or counting.
Examples: Module 1
gender, occupation or profession, religion, political affiliation
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2. Quantitative Variables
 These are variables whose values are derived from counting or measuring
something.
 Quantitative variables have numerical values.
Examples:
weight, height, average grade in senior high school
Two Types of Quantitative Variables
1. Discrete Variable
 Discrete variable is a quantitative variable that represents the counts of

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individual items or values
 This variable involves concrete numbers that are determined by

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counting.
Examples:
Number of female faculty in URSAC
Number of sections in first year
Number of students in a class
Number of different tree species in the forest
Two Types of Quantitative Variables
2. Continuous Variable
 This is a quantitative variable that can assume an infinitely many,
countless number of real number values.
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 It represents the measurements of continuous or non-finite values.
 Continuous variable involves complex numbers that are measured

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across a specific time interval.
Examples:
a person's height a dog's weight
the length of a leaf distance
volume age
Scales or Levels of Measurements
1. Nominal Scale
 Data that contains names, levels or categories only
 Data cannot be arranged in an ordering arrangement to classify the group they
belong
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 Numbers or symbols can be used to categorize an object or person

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Examples:
sex
marital status
occupation
nationality
Scales or Levels of Measurements
2. Ordinal Scale
 The data can be organized in an ordering scheme or ranked

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 The difference between the values of the data cannot be identified. The interval is
insignificant.
Examples:

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Performance Ranks (good, better, best)
Military Ranks (General, Colonel, etc.)
Ranks in contest (1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place, etc.)
Curriculum level or year level ( 1st year, 2nd year, etc)
Scales or Levels of Measurements
3. Interval Scale
 The difference between the values of data are of identified sizes
 Equal intervals; no absolute zero.
Examples:

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Temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit)
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

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4. Ratio Scale
 Has absolute zero which shows the absence of the characteristics under consideration.
Zero is meaningful. For example, a height of zero is meaningful because it means you
don’t exist.
 The ratio of data values has significance.
Examples:
height in meters or inches weight in kilograms or pounds
cell phone load bank account
Methods of Collecting Data
1. Direct Method
 This method is frequently called the “interview method”
 This is executed through a direct and personal interaction of the researcher with
the person from whom the data will be collected

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 It is done by asking the interviewee series of questions.
2. Indirect Method

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 This method is performed through the use of either online questionnaire or paper
form questionnaire distributed to groups of people that are most of the time,
randomly selected.
 This method is advantageous since it diminishes the time and effort needed by the
researcher to conduct the interview.
 There is no assurance that the respondents will answer the questions honestly and
return the questionnaire.
Methods of Collecting Data
3. Registration Method
 This is executed through the collection of data from concerned offices like PSA if

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you want the data about population; LTO if you want the data about the people
with vehicles.
 

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4. Observation Method
 This method is purely based on the personal remarks of the observer.
 It is appropriate to data relating to attitude, behavior and values of individuals.
Methods of Collecting Data
5. Experimental Method

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 This method defines the cause and effect relationships of a certain parameter or
event under a controlled condition.
 This method is frequently used by researchers in the field of science
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 Sampling Techniques
1.
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Probability Sampling
Restricted Random Sampling

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3.
4.
Cluster Sampling
Non-random Sampling
Sampling Techniques
1. Probability Sampling
 Probability sampling technique is also called Simple Random Sampling.
 In this technique, samples are randomly selected and therefore all the members of
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the population have equal chances of being chosen as part of the sample.
Examples: lottery and raffle 

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2. Restricted Random Sampling
 Restricted sampling technique is used when the population to be measured is too
big.
Types of Restricted Random Sampling
a. Systematic Sampling
 This is a restricted random sampling technique where the sample

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is chosen by selecting every kth element of the population.
 The kth element of the population is obtained by using the formula:
N
k = -----
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th
n

Where:
N = population size
n = sample size
Types of Restricted Random Sampling
b. Stratified Sampling
 This is a restricted random sampling technique where the population is
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divided into groups called strata based on their homogeneity or
commonalities.

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 Steps in doing stratified sampling:
1. Define the distribution of the population in each stratum.
2. Find the percentage of each stratum from population.
3. Multiply the percentage of each stratum by the sample size.
Sampling Techniques
3. Cluster Sampling
 This sampling technique is frequently used on geographical basis when the

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population from which the sample is to be chosen includes heterogeneous
groups.

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4. Non-random Sampling
 This is a sampling technique wherein the members of the population do not
have an equal chances of being chosen as part of the sample.
Forms of Non-Random Sampling Technique
a. Purposive Sampling –samples are picked based on purpose or definite
criteria.

•
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Example:
You are studying about the Academic Performance of Working
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Students in URS Antipolo Campus;
• The population is the college students in URS Antipolo Campus;
• As a researcher, you will purposely select the working students in the
university.
Forms of Non-Random Sampling Technique
b. Quota Sampling – a certain limit is pre-established to find out who
among the population can be part of the sample.

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Example:
 Determination of the students who will qualify in the university.

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Definitely, there will be an admission test and the quota rule is already
specified before the exam like: The top 20% of the examinees shall be
accepted by the university.
Forms of Non-Random Sampling Technique
c. Convenience Sampling – a non-random sampling technique where the

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sample is chosen based on the accessibility of the researcher.
Example:

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The researcher is having a study about the performance of
universities in the Philippines. If the researcher lives in Ilocos, he has
a choice to take the universities in the Ilocos region as samples.
Methods of Presentation of Data

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1. Textual Presentation
 This technique is in paragraph form.
 The presentation contains words or words and figures.

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2. Tabular Presentation
 In this method, data are summarized using tables.
 A table is usually used on the frequency and percentage distribution.
Methods of Presentation of Data
3. Graphical Presentation
a. Line Graph

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 Line graph shows the associations between two or more sets of
quantities.
 The values are plotted using dots which are called markers to be

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connected together by line segments.
b. Bar Graph
 This is a graphical method wherein each value in the data is
represented by rectangular bars. The length of the bar shows the
measure of a certain value while its width has a fixed size.
Methods of Presentation of Data
3. Graphical Presentation
a. Line Graph

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 Line graph shows the associations between two or more sets of
quantities.
 The values are plotted using dots which are called markers to be

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connected together by line segments.
b. Bar Graph
 This is a graphical method wherein each value in the data is
represented by rectangular bars. The length of the bar shows the
measure of a certain value while its width has a fixed size.
Methods of Presentation of Data
3. Graphical Presentation
c. Pictograph
 This is a graphical technique that expresses its meaning through its
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pictorial similarity to a physical object.
 Each object used in pictograph stands for corresponding measure. 

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d. Pie Chart
 This is a type of graphical presentation in which a circle or sometimes
a cylinder is divided into several parts with each part typifying the
categories of the data.
 Thank you,1 God
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bless and stay safe!