Trends & the Periodic Table

Learning Outcome:

Discuss the properties of elements

and their trends in the periodic table
 Trends

 some
properties: - anyone know where we can find these
numbers?!
 Density
 melting point/boiling point
 atomic radius
 ionization energy
 electronegativity
Going down column 1:
Period Element Configuration
1 H 1
2 Li 2-1
3 Na 2-8-1
4 K 2-8-8-1
5 Rb 2-8-18-8-1
6 Cs 2-8-18-18-8-1
7 Fr 2-8-18-32-18-8-1

increasing # energy levels as go down

Atomic Radius
 Atomic radius: defined as ½ distance between neighbouring
nuclei in molecule or crystal

 Affected by
1. Number of energy levels
2. Proton Pulling Power
Click to add text
 Cs has more energy levels, so it’s bigger
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Li: Group 1 Period 2 Cs: Group 1 Period 6

As we go across, elements gain electrons, but they
are getting smaller!
Family Element Configuration
IA or 1 Li 2-1
IIA or 2 Be 2-2
IIIA or 13 B 2-3
IVA or 14 C 2-4
VA or 15 N 2-5
VIA or 16 O 2-6
VIIA or 17 F 2-7
VIIIA or 18 Ne 2-8
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Why does this happen..

As you go from left to right, atomic

number increases means more protons.
 You have greater “proton pulling power”
 Remember the nucleus is + and the electrons are - so they get pulled towards
the nucleus
 The more protons your have, the more Proton Pulling Power
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as go across
                                                                        

row size tends to decrease a bit

                                                                               
                                                            
because of greater PPP “proton pulling power”
 We can “measure” the Proton Pulling Power
by determining the Effective nuclear charge
 It is the charge actually felt by valence electrons

 The equation

Nuclear charge ≈ number of inner shell electrons

(doesn’t include valance e-)
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+7
                                                        

+1
                                                                 
                                                    
Calculate “effective nuclear charge”
• = # protons minus # inner electrons
What the inner electrons do….

They Shield the charge felt by the valance electrons.

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H and He:
only elements
whose valence
electrons feel
full nuclear
charge (pull)
                                             NOTHING
TO
                                                        SHIELD
                                                THEM
 Look at all the shielding Francium's one valance
electron has. It barely feels the proton pull from the
nucleus. No wonder it will lose it’s one electron the
easiest. No wonder it’s the most reactive metal
Ionization Energy
• = amount energy required to remove a valence electron from an atom in
gas phase

• 1st ionization energy = energy required to remove the most loosely held
valence electron (e- farthest from nucleus)
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• Cs valence electron                                         
lot farther away from nucleus than Li
• electrostatic attraction much weaker so easier to steal
electron away from Cs
• THEREFORE, Li has a higher Ionization energy then Cs
Electronegativity
 ability of atom to attract electrons in bond

 noble gases tend not to form bonds, so don’t have electronegativity values

 Unit = Pauling
 Fluorine: most electronegative element
= 4.0 Paulings
 Reactivity of Metals
judge reactivity of metals by how easily give
up electrons (they’re losers)
Reactivity of Non-metals

• judge reactivity of non-metals by how

easily gain electrons (they are winners)
 How do you know if an atom gains or
loses electrons?
 Think back to the Lewis structures of ions
 Atoms form ions to get a valence of 8
(or 2 for H)
 Metals tend to have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
 It’s easier to lose them
 Nonmetals tend to have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
 It’s easier to add some
 Noble gases already have 8 so they don’t form ions very
easily
Positive ions (cations)
• Formed by loss of electrons
• Cations always smaller than parent atom

2e
8e 8e

8e 8e

2e 2e

Ca
Ca Ca+2
Negative ions or (anions)

• Formed by gain of electrons

• Anions always larger than parent atom

 Allotropes

• Different forms of element in same phase

– different structures and properties

• O2 and O3 - both gas phase

– O2 (oxygen) - necessary for life
– O3 (ozone) - toxic to life
• Graphite, diamond:
– both carbon in solid form