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Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals
Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals
of Farm Animals
Reasons to Learn
Anatomy and Physiology
• To describe animals in judging
• Selection of animals for breeding purposes
• Improved husbandry
• Improved health care
Definitions
• Ball-and-socket (shoulder)
• Hinge (elbow)
• Pivot (neck)
• Gliding (vertebrae)
• Ligaments span joints outside the joint
capsule, within the capsule is synovial fluid
The Muscular System
• Voluntary (striated)
– Skeletal muscles (connect to bones via tendons)
• Extensor (straighten)
• Flexor (bend)
• Abductor (move away from midline)
• Adductor (move towards midline)
• Involuntary (smooth or striated)
– Digestive, urogenital, respiratory system walls
– Cardiac (heart)
Muscle Metabolism
• Aerobic
– ATP breaks down to ADP releasing energy
– Muscle glycogen breaks down to generate more
ATP, produces lactic acid which is oxidized to
carbon dioxide and water producing energy
which liver can use to resynthesize glycogen
• Muscle glycogen can also be converted
anaerobically to lactic acid but without
oxygen cannot be converted back to
glycogen (build up of an “oxygen debt”)
Circulatory System Components
• Heart
• Veins, arteries, capillaries
• Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Red marrow (bone marrow)
Heart
• Arteries
– Thick muscular walls
– Carry blood away from heart
• Veins
– Thin walled with valves
– Carry blood towards heart
• Capillaries
– Tiny, one-cell thick
Systemic Circulation
• Lymphocytes
– Produced in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
– Single large nucleus
– Some produce antibodies
– Others are involved in immune surveillance and
destruction of foreign materials and tumor cells
– Can be cultured and used in chromosome
studies
The Digestive System
• Species differences
– Ruminants have four compartments to stomach:
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
– Poultry have a crop, proventriculus, ventriculus
– Horses have a large cecum
• Accessory organs
– Liver, pancreas, salivary glands
• See chapter 19 for more detail
The Respiratory System
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata
Spinal Cord
• Kidney Shapes
– Lobulated: cattle, chicken
– Heart-shaped: horse
– Bean-shaped: pigs, sheep
• Kidney architecture
– Cortex
– Medulla
– See Figure 10.20
The Urinary System
• Excretory products
– See Figure 10.21
– Salts
– Urea (most mammals)
– Uric acid (birds, reptiles, Dalmatian dogs,
humans)