Understanding The Self

(Chapter 5-8)
Presented by:
Mr. Richmond S. Yap, RGC,RPm,LPT,MA
Director
Admission and Student Recruitment Office
Professional Teacher
Adamson University
CONCEPT MAP

PHYSICAL
SEXUAL
DIGITAL

SELF

POLITICAL MATERIAL

SPIRITUAL
Chapter 5-THE PHYSICAL SELF
The physical self refers to the body. Both physical
extremities and internal organs work together for
the body to perform many of its function such as
breathing, walking, eating, and sleeping among
others. The body’s ability to perform its function
gradually changes through an individual’s aging.
Life Span- refers to the development from conception to
death. Elizabeth B. Hurlock outlines the stages in the
life span:
1. Prenatal – fertilization of birth
2. Infancy – birth to 2 weeks of life
3. Babyhood - 2 weeks of life to 2nd year
4. Early childhood – 2-6 years old
5. Late childhood – 6-10 or 12 years old
6. Puberty – 10 or 12-14 years old
7. Adolescence – 14 to 18 years old
8. Early adulthood – 18 to 40 years old
9. Middle adulthood – 40 to 60 years old
10. Late adulthood or senescence- 60 to death
Two Factors Affecting Physical Growth and
Development
Physical growth and development is the product of
heredity and environment.
Heredity is the biological process of inheritance of
traits from parents to offspring.
Environment refers to the factors an individual is
exposed to throughout life which includes learning
and experiences.
Environmental factors such as diet, nutrition, and
diseases play an important role in an individual’s
physical development.
Prenatal. This is the first developmental period in the
life span, though the period is considered short, it is in
many respects one of the most important periods in
human development.

It begins at conception when the nucleus of the sperm

and egg cell unites to form a zygote. The pregnancy is
divided into 3 parts of development; the germinal,
embryonic and the fetal stage.

Development during the nine months of pregnancy is

more rapid than during any postnatal period.
Infancy. This is from birth to 2 weeks of life. It is a
time of rapid physical, perceptual, cognitive, logical,
social, and emotional growth. Human babies are born
with good motor coordination

survival are already manifested to them such as

sucking, rooting, moro, walking and babinski reflexes.
Babyhood. This stage starts from 2 weeks of life to
2nd year. Babyhood is the true foundation of
development which there is a rapid growth and
change.

One specific task of this stage is to develop object

permanence in which it is the ability of the baby to
perceive things to continue to exist even though they
are not directly sensed.
Early Childhood. Ages 2 through 6 are the early
childhood years, or preschool years. Like infants and
toddlers, preschoolers grow quickly - both physically
and cognitively.

Late Childhood. Late childhood is generally defined

as ages 9 to 12 years old. Up until this point, most
children have been growing at family predictable rates.
The term puberty is used to define the approximately
5-year period of biological maturation where a boy or
girl become able to reproduce or this is the age of
achieving full sexual maturity.

In girls, puberty can begin between the age of 8 and 13,
while it usually begins around age 10 in boys.

Puberty. Puberty is made up of a clear sequence of

stages, affecting different bodily systems such as
skeletal, muscular and reproductive. Physical changes
during puberty tend to be more gradual and stable
compare with other stages. This is
Adolescence. During adolescence period, young people
go through many changes as they move into physical
maturity. Early prepubescent changes occur when the
secondary sexual characteristics appear.

Girls may begin to develop breast buds as early as 8 years

old. It will reach full development between ages 12 to 18.
Pubic hair, arms and legs usually begin to grow around age
9 or 10, and reach adult patterns at about 12 to 14 years.
Menarche or the beginning of menstrual periods typically
occurs about 2 years after early breast and pubic hair
appear. It may occur as early as 9, or as late as age 16. They
usually reach growth spurt around 11.5 and slows around
age 16.
 Boys may begin to notice that their testicles and
scrotum grow as early as age 9. Soon, the penis begins to
lengthen. By age 17 or 18, their genital are usually at their
adult size and shape. Pubic hair growth, as well as armpit,
leg, chest, and facial hair, begins in boys at about age 12,
and reaches adult patterns at about 17 or 18 years.
Early Adulthood. By the time we reach early adulthood,
our physical maturations is complete, although our height
and weight may increase slightly. In this period, our
physical abilities are at their peak.
In this stage, there are many changes begin to manifest in
different parts of the body. For example, the lens of the eye
starts to stiffen and thicken, resulting in changes in vision
that usually affecting the ability to focus on close objects
also known as myopia or nearsightedness.
Middle Adulthood. This stage covers the ages 40 to
65 years old. During this stage both women and men
will experience some changes in their physical
attributes such as the eyes in which some people on
this stage experience farsightedness or presbyopia.

Including fluctuations in hormones, women may

experience some symptoms, such as anxiety, poor
memory, inability to concentrate, depressive mood,
irritability, mood swings, and less interest in sexual
activity among others
Late Adulthood Late. This stage is considered as the
last stage of physical change. According to the latest
WHO data published in 2018 life expectancy in the
Philippines is: Male 66.2, female 72.6 and total life
expectancy is 69.3

In general, men shrink about an inch and women

about 2 inches. They will also experience the decline in
physical vigor, body systems gradually slow down and
become less efficient. Thus, physical changes brought
about by the aging process include skin wrinkling and
folding, slight loss of height due to decrease in the size
of disks between vertebrates in the spines. Sensory
activities i.e. vision, hearing, smell and taste decrease.
THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF
The theory of physiognomy suggest that a person’s
physical characteristics such as facial features and
expressions and body structures could be related to a
person’s character or personality.

This practice is rooted in the Five Element Theory which

makes use of the elements of water, wood, fire, earth,
and metal as archetypes for everything occurring in
natural world.
Theory Based on Prominence of Body Fluids
1. The sanguine type-red bile, impulsive, cheerful,
happy and optimistic
2. The melancholic-black bile, depressed, and
pessimistic
3. The choleric-yellow bile, easily angry, jumpy and
temperamental
4. The phlegmatic-excess phlegm, sluggish, dull and
slow
Developed by Hippocrates (excess or deficiency of
body fluids)
Body-Type Theory-W. Sheldon
1. Endomorphic body type is soft and
plump. People with this body type are
perceived to be easy going and sociable.

 2. Mesomorphic type is characterized by a

strong muscular body. People who have
mesomorphic body type are perceived to be
energetic, adventurous, assertive, and
courageous. They are competitive and tend
to be dominant.
Body-Type Theory-W. Sheldon
3. Ectomorphic body type is tall
and thin. People who have this
body type tend to be restrained ,
quiet, introverted, and artistic.
The Wisdom of Your Face-
Jean Haner (2008)
1. Oval-Shaped faces-hospitable, tactful
2. round-shaped-friendly, kindhearted and selfless
3. square-witty, analytical, great leaders
4. heart-patient, intuitive
5. long-perfectionist, aggressive
6. triangle-creative, artistic, sensitive, determined
7. diamond-very-detailed oriented, in control
8. full and thick eyebrows-confident, assertive
9. large/highly defined jaws-strong and firm
values
Body Image
Body image can affect both the adolescent’s physical
and psychological well-being.

Adolescents worry about different parts of their

bodies. Adolescent boys and girls tend to experience
negative self-image because they are in a stage of
development that is probably confusing to them.

The Importance of Beauty-biologically programmed

or culturally constructed=attraction, opportunities,
happier, smarter and uplift social status
Body Image
Body image refers to how individuals perceive,
think, and feel about their body and physical
appearance.

 Appearance refers to everything about a person

that others can be observe such as height,
weight, skin color, clothes, and hairstyle.

Body image is related to self-esteem which is a

person’s overall evaluation of his or her own
worth.
OUR IDEAL BODY
The social pressure of looking perfect gave rise to the
many beauty products and enhancement procedures,
being patronized by a large portion of our population,
no matter how expensive they might be, just to fit in,
to be accepted, and be beautiful.

We can only expect ourselves to follow and abide by

the mantra, “Beauty is Power”, no matter how
destructive it might be for us (Palean, et. al, 2018).
our ideal body is the body we would like to have.
Overall, the closer to the ideal body we are, the less
pressure we feel to change

our ideal body is greatly influenced by the particular

body ideals prevalent in our culture

But those who are obviously different – the overweight,

the elderly, and the physically disabled – may feel more
pressure to change or hide the disliked parts of their
bodies. Individuals who don’t fit the images tend to
have negative feelings about themselves, making it
difficult for them to accept themselves as they are.
PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
Physical attractiveness is the perception of the
physical traits of an individual human person as
aesthetically pleasing or beautiful (Palean, et. al, 2018).

A person’s physical appearance makes a strong first

impression.

Attractive people are judged to be more interesting,

intelligent, compassionate, sociable and better
adjusted than less attractive people.
This attractiveness bias occurred for men and women
and for traditionally masculine and feminine job types
(Aamodt, 2010)

Research studies prove that the more attractive a

woman is, the more a man likes her and wants to date
her again.

The more attractive a man is, the more a woman likes

him and wants to date him again.
Matching Phenomenon. The tendency for men and
women to choose as partners those who are a “good
match” in terms of physical attractiveness, intelligence
and other traits.

The tendency wherein we usually settle for someone

like ourselves, at least in regard to physical
attractiveness when it comes to choosing a date or
romantic partner.
Physical Attractiveness Stereotype. It refers to the
presumption that physically attractive people possess
other socially desirable traits as well.

What is beautiful is good. Attractive people are often

more favored and valued. But attractiveness is NOT
the key ingredient for social skills.

You should accept yourself, like yourself and be

comfortable with yourself. Remember attractiveness is
whatever the people of any given time and place find
attractive.
Similarity. People similar in background are more
similar in their attitudes. Likeness begets liking. The
most appealing people are those most like us. People
like not only those who think as they do, but also those
who act as they do.

Complementarity is the popularly supposed

tendency, in a relationship between to people, for each
to complete what is missing in the other. People who
are complementary (opposite but compatible) in their
needs and traits are attracted.
Reflection:
Are you happy about your physical self?

How do you take care of your body?

Have you ever thought of changing your physical self?

Why? Or why not?

Do you think other people appreciate you physical

self? Is it important for you? Why or why not?
Chapter 6-Sexual Self
Primary Sex Characteristics
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Erogenous zones-highly sensitive body parts and
produce sexual responses when stimulated
The Phases of sexual Response-excitement to plateau
to orgasmic to resolution
Attraction, Love and Attachment
Sexual orientation
STI’s and Early Pregnancy
Primary and Secondary
Sex Characteristics
Primary- present at birth including the ff;
Vagina, uterus, ovaries
Penis, testes, testicles

Secondary-developed during puberty

Enlargement of the breast, buttocks, onset of
menstruation, widening of hips, growth of pubic hair
Testicular growth, sperm production, facial, pubic
and other body hair, deepening of voice
Behavior Genetics
Individual differences attributed to genes
Influence of heredity(nature)
Transmission of physical and psychological
characteristics from parents to offspring
Gonads-testes/ovaries=gametes or cell to reproduce
sperms and ova=1 cell=23 pairs of chromosomes=DNA
Or deoxyribonucleic acid>code of genetic info.
Meiosos-splitting of the cell
Mitosis-cell multiplication
Fallopian tubes-place where sperm and egg unites
Zygote-fertilized egg
100,000 genes in 46 chromosomes =1 human cell
Genes-true units of heredity
Genotype-genetic constitution-inherited from parents
Polygenic-interaction of many genes (when they work
in pairs)
Phenotype-observable characteristic from the
dominant gene>always shows up when paired (see
figure 2.3)
Reproductive

Self
Clitoris (erectile tissue), vagina (muscular tube),
uterus (hollow organ where fertilized embryo grows to
become fetus), fallopian tubes(carry the fertilized egg
from the ovary to the uterus) and fertilization to end
of birth approximate duration of 260 days

Penis (males urinates, delivers the sperm) with

sensitive tissues and nerve endings, testes or testicles
located in pouch-like sac of skin or scrotum (produces
sperm cells and male sex hormones), vas deferens
(transports the sperm-containing fluid or semen
produced by prostate gland)
Sexual Activity of Self
Erogenous zones-highly sensitive body parts and
produce sexual responses when stimulated including;
Genitals, mouth, breasts, ears, anus or entire surface of
the body
Masturbation-self-stimulation for sexual pleasure
Intimate kissing, cuddling, necking, pettting or
touching the erogenous
Sexually aroused by creating fantasy or erotic images
(MEN)
Emotional closeness leading to emphasis on sex
(WOMEN)
Following Sexual Scripts or Stereotyped patterns of
expectations about sexual activity
Sexual Activity of Self
The Phases of sexual Response-excitement to plateau to
orgasmic to resolution

Excitement- 1 minute-several hours with pulse rate,

blood pressure, breathing quickens, skin rosy flush on
chest and breast, nipples harden and penis erect,
scrotum thickens, clitoris swells, lips of vagina opens
and become wet
Plateu-more erect penis, head increases and few drops
of fluid, vagina swells and become redder, rapid
breathing, body temperature rises
Sexual Activity of Self
The Phases of sexual Response-excitement to plateau to
orgasmic to resolution

Orgasmic-contractions of muscles in and around the

penis stimulate release of semen (one intense),
contraction of pelvic muscles that surround the
vaginal walls (multiple times)

Resolution-body returns to its normal state after the

orgasm, erection is lost and decreases in size including
testes and scrotum, clitoris and vagina return to
normal state
Attraction, Love and Attachment
Social Exchange Theory- proposes that attraction is
the result of an exchange process

Tend to view relationship as the result of rewards and

costs they entail

Sharing of activities and information contributes to

increased attraction, liking, trust and love
Emotional Development
1. Innate to Human Infants-Crying
2. Emde believed after 2 months perceive meaning
of others facial expression
3. Social referencing-Mary Klinmert (child will
approach smiling mother);Kagan (surprise,
distress, relaxation and excitement)-later
childhood years
4. Paul Ekman-human faces express emotions in a
universal way; innate/biological while imitation
is possible depending on the culture =Learning
Common Emotions
Chisolm-attachment theory of love-mother-child
relationship to create passionate romantic love or
stressful life conditions

Lee proposed the different love styles including the ff;

Eros-appearance;
Storge-slowly developing affection;
Ludus-play/game;
Mania-intense/obsessed;
Pragma-practical;
Agape-one-direction/selfless
Common Emotions
Sternberg discussed the ff;
Intimacy-close/warm;
Passion-sexual urge;
Decision-commitment-short-term/long term decision to
love;
Liking-closeness w/o decision;
Infatuation-fast mental/physical arousal;
Empty-holding decision/commitment;
Romantic-intimacy and passion;
Companionate-committed friendship;
Fatuous love-passion and decision-commitment;
Consummate-passion, intimacy and decision/commitment;
Nonlove-absence of three components
Chapter 7
The Material Self
Materialism entails the importance of physical
objects. It is also a belief that everything is made of
matter and energy, with less emphasis in non-physical
objects like souls, spirits, or supernatural gods. Unlike
spiritual entities, material things do not last eternally.

According to William James (1890) an educational

psychologist, the “Me” part of self is consist of Material
Self along with the social and spiritual self. He pointed
out that Material Self is consist of things that belong
to a person or entities that a person belongs to.
ROLE OF MATERIALISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF
Specifically, he emphasized that Material Self is
composed of body, family, clothes/material things and
money which are further discussed below.

“Diderot Effect”, a famous concept in terms of material

consumptions, whereby a gift or a newly acquired
possession creates discontentment with existing
belongings and place. This phenomenon can
eventually lead to a never ending cycle or pattern of
buying things which is also associated with negative
effects on mental aspect of a person (e.g. compulsion
to buy).
First important factor, is when the person is confuse
between what are things they just “want” and what are
things that are considered as “needs”.

Materialism is defined as a want towards acquiring

and spending on earthly needs and material desires
(Durvasula & Lyonski, 2010). Furthermore,
acquisition of material things has been associated to
success and happiness of a person. Like for example,
having luxurious things or gadgets implicates that the
person is earning or well doing well in terms of
finances.
The desires for modernity have resulted in the
embracing of more Western values that are associated
with materialism and has led some cultures of
excessive consumerism and marketing (Mady,
Cherrier, Lee & Rahman 2011).

Consumerism is an economic and social concept

which refers to the acquisitions and purchases of
products and services. Its effect may be beneficial or
detrimental in one’s subjective well-being.
Inquiry or knowledge where actual material and non-
material needs of human beings are produced,
distributed for commerce and consumption, and
managed in view of benefiting the community/society
as a whole

Ethical in the sense that the pursuit of personal good

must not only be in consonance with one's fair and
natural interest but should also unconditionally
enhance promotion and enjoyment of the common
good
Reflective Thinking on Economics
Household management in social thought
Distributive justice
Formal inquiry on social quality of economic
Philosophical thought of the need for work, food ,
shelter and clothing
Stealing, grabbing and cheating
Give, share, help, support and sacrifice
Socialized industrialization
Profit-sharing
Welfare of the state, livelihood subsidy, socialized
public services, cooperative entrepreneurship, and
social nurturance
Chapter 8-Political Self
Politics is an activity relation to power. It refers to
achieving and exercising positions of governance—
organized control over a human community. Without
power as a force, politics would be useless. It is present
in all human social institutions including your school,
organization, religious community and others from
which you identify yourself.
Political Self and Identity
Citizenship also known as one’s nationality, it is the
status of a person recognized under the custom or law
as being a legal member of a sovereign state or
belonging to a nation. The term denotes the
membership of a citizen in a political society.
In Search of Filipino Identity
According the 1987 Phil. Constitution, Filipino citizen
are "those whose father or mother are citizens of the
Philippines, those born before Jan.17, 1973 of Filipino
mother who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority and those who are
naturalized in accordance with law. The constitution
declared that we are Filipino.
Identity refers to the sense “who you are”. However, if
we may ask some people about “who we are as
Filipino?” it will not be so easy to distinguish pure
Filipino traits as we have adapted diverse cultural
heritage due to previous colonization and present
globalization today. Lack of knowledge about one’s
history and appreciation of our real identity could lead
to confusion and will eventually to lack of concern
towards our countrymen.
The people are the power of its state, so every part of it
must at least feel the sense of citizenship to contribute
in the promulgation of laws and rights of every people.

It was only in the late 1880s and 1890s that the term
Filipino began to change to refer to “ people from the
Philippines.”

While in Madrid, Jose Rizal wrote to a friend. “...we

call ourselves simply Filipinos.”
Enriquez (1978) defined kapwa as “the unity of the self
and others, a recognition of shared identity an inner
self shared with others”. It is the core or heart Filipino
values.

Virgilio Enriquez is the father of Filipino Psychology

and he discovered that it is not maintaining smooth
interpersonal relationship that Filipinos are most
concerned with, but pakikipagkapwa which means
treating the other person as fellow human being or
kapwa.
Diokno (1997) highlighted that a typical good citizen
is diligent tax payer, honest voter, one who follows the
traffic rules etc.

Aside from that, one also has to know how to assert

one’s right, protect those cannot defend themselves,
cares for the environment and honors equality among
men and women.
The FAMILY has an organizational structure from one is
expected to behave in accordance to his or her role. At young
age, most people our aware that the first authority to follow is
our parents. We obey their rules and treat them with respect.

The SCHOOL is accountable for moral, spiritual, and political

upbringing of children. Thus, it will help the students to
become patriotic and responsible citizens.

The CHURCH shapes political self through religious

teachings and values.

The PEERS are also important in influencing the political self.

Thus, interaction with peers emphasizes the equal
distribution of power, rights, and privileges among members
of the group.
The MASS MEDIA could also be a key source that may
influence an individual’s political values and beliefs.

The political self and identity are developed through

socialization, through the ways people learn they are
aware of the norms or standard behavior, values and
roles they take as a member of such particular
institutions.