ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION

OF BIQUAD FILTERS USING

LTSPICE
Presented By:
Sangamithr Chembil Sudheer
2K19/EE/218
 INTRODUCTION
The Filter Transfer Function

The filter transfer function T(s) can be written as the ratio of two
polynomials:

where the numerator and denominator coefficients are real numbers.

The filter order is equal to the degree N of the denominator polynomial and
thus is equal to the number of poles.
For the filter circuit to be stable, the degree of the numerator must be less
than or equal to that of the denominator: M≤N.
Biquad Filters

A Biquad or Biquadratic filter implements a transfer function that is the ratio of

two quadratic functions. 

The biquadratic transfer function is usually expressed in the standard form

where ꞷ0 and Q determine the poles according to

Biquad filters are typically active and implemented with a single-
amplifier biquad (SAB) or two-integrator-loop topology.
• The SAB topology uses feedback to generate complex poles and
possibly complex zeros. In particular, the feedback moves
the real poles of an RC circuit in order to generate the proper filter
characteristics.
• The two-integrator-loop topology is derived from rearranging a
biquadratic transfer function. The rearrangement will equate one
signal with the sum of another signal, its integral, and the integral's
integral. In other words, the rearrangement reveals a state variable
filter structure. By using different states as outputs, any kind of
second-order filter can be implemented.
The SAB topology is sensitive to component choice and can be more
difficult to adjust. Hence, usually the term biquad refers to the two-
integrator-loop state variable filter topology
A Tow-Thomas biquad active filter based on
two-integrator loop topology and its transfer
function is shown below:
This circuit can realize all the second order filter functions by
selecting appropriate components as per the table given below:

Low Pass C1 = 0, R1 = ∞, R2 = R / DC gain , R3 = ∞

High Pass C1 = C × High Frequency Gain, R1 = ∞, R2 = ∞, R3 = ∞
Band Pass C1 = 0, R1 = ∞, R2 = ∞, R3 = Qr / Center Frequency Gain
Notch C1 = C × High Frequency Gain, R1 = ∞,
R2 = R(ꞷ0 /ꞷn )2 / High Frequency Gain, R3 = ∞

All Pass C1 = C × Flat Gain, R1 = ∞, R2 = R / gain , R3 = Qr/Gain

 REALIZATION OF A BIQUAD HIGH PASS
FILTER
•   High Pass Filter, C = C × High Frequency Gain, R = ∞, R = ∞, R = ∞
For 1 1 2 3

Substituting the values:

High Frequency Gain = 5, Q = 0.4, C = 0.47 μF , R = 10kΩ
The transfer function becomes:
TF = =
ꞷ0 = 1/ RC = 212.7 rad/s = 33.85 Hz
 REALIZATION OF A BIQUAD LOW PASS
FILTER
•   Low Pass Filter, C = 0, R = ∞, R = R / DC gain, R = ∞
For 1 1 2 3

Substituting the values:

DC Gain = 5, Q = 0.4, C = 0.47 μF , R = 10kΩ
The transfer function becomes:
TF = =
ꞷ0 = 1/ RC = 212.7 rad/s = 33.85 Hz
REALIZATION OF A BIQUAD BAND PASS
FILTER
•   Positive Band Pass Filter, C = 0, R = ∞, R = ∞, R = Qr / Center
For 1 1 2 3
Frequency Gain

Substituting the values:

Center Frequency Gain = 5, Q = 0.4, C = 0.47 μF , R = 10kΩ
The transfer function becomes:
TF = =
ꞷ0 = 1/ RC = 212.7 rad/s = 33.85 Hz
 REALIZATION OF A BIQUAD NOTCH
FILTER
•   Notch Filter, C = C × High Frequency Gain, R = ∞, R = R (ꞷ
For 1 1 2 0
/ꞷn)2 /High Frequency Gain, R3 = ∞

Substituting the values:

High Frequency Gain = 5, Q = 0.4, C = 0.47 μF , R = 10kΩ
The transfer function becomes:
TF = =
ꞷ0 = ꞷn = 1/ RC = 212.7 rad/s = 33.85 Hz
 REALIZATION OF A BIQUAD ALL PASS
FILTER
•   All Pass Filter, C = C × Flat Gain, R = ∞, R = R / Gain, R = Qr / Gain
For 1 1 2 3

Substituting the values:

Flat Gain = Gain = 5, Q = 0.4, C = 0.47 μF , R = 10kΩ
The transfer function becomes:
TF = =
ꞷ0 = 1/ RC = 212.7 rad/s = 33.85 Hz
 SIMULATION

Fig. LTspice Model of High Pass Active Filter Topology

 SIMULATION

Fig. LTspice Model of Low Pass Active Filter Topology

 SIMULATION

Fig. LTspice Model of Band Pass Active Filter Topology

 SIMULATION

Fig. LTspice Model of Notch Active Filter Topology

 SIMULATION

Fig. LTspice Model of All Pass Active Filter Topology

 RESULT

Fig. Result of High Pass Tow-Thomas Active Topology for the

Given Arbitrary Values
 RESULT

Fig. Result of Low Pass Tow-Thomas Active Topology for the

Given Arbitrary Values
 RESULT

Fig. Result of Band Pass Tow-Thomas Active Topology for the

Given Arbitrary Values
 RESULT

Fig. Result of Notch Tow-Thomas Active Topology for the Given

Arbitrary Values
 RESULT

Fig. Result of All Pass Tow-Thomas Active Topology for the

Given Arbitrary Values
 REFERENCES
• Adel S Sedra and Kenneth C Smith , Microelectronic Circuits, International Sixth
Edition, 2011.
• Rashid M H and Rashid H M , SPICE for Power Electronics and Electric Power, 2nd
Edition, Taylor &Francis, 2009.
• Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits,
TMH, 2002.
• William Emmanuel Yu, S Yu, Felma D Paluga, Practical Treatise on the Tow-
Thomas Biquad Active Filter, Ateneo de Manila University, 2002.
• Girish Chandrasekaran, Design of a Second-order Filter Using the gm-C Technique,
Portland State University , 16-10-1996.
• ECE206s LTSpice Reference, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign March 20,
2020.