FOU R S UB S Y S T E M S O F

EARTH
ATMOSHPHERE
OBJECTIVES:
• Describe and discuss the atmosphere as one of the four
subsystems of the earth.
• Describe the composition of the atmosphere
• Enumerate and describe the layers of the atmosphere
• Cite importance of the atmosphere
ATMOSPHERE
• Blanket of gases that cover
the earth

• Atmos which means “gas”

and Sphaira which means
“globe or ball”
ATMOSPHERE :COMPOSITION
• Composed of:
Nitrogen (78%)
Oxygen (21%)
Argon (0.9%)
Other gases (0.1)
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere
TROPOSHERE
•First layer
•75% of the earth’s
atmosphere
•Where weather
happens
TROPOSHERE
•The top of troposphere is
the tropopause
•Temperature: 15 degree
Celsius to 57 degree
Celsius.
•Where all clouds form
STRATOSPHERE
•Located above the
tropopause
•10-50km from the earth’s
surface
•Top part is called
Stratopause
STRATOSPHERE
•Contains the ozone layer
•No turbulence
•Temperature: -57 degree
Celsius to -5 degree
Celsius
MESOSPHERE
•Located above the
stratopause
•Around 50-80km from the
earth’s surface
•Cold and thick
MESOSPHERE
•Burns meteors and other
objects entering the
Earth’s atmosphere.
•Temperature decreases in
the mesosphere with
altitude.
THERMOSPHERE
• Located above the
mesopause
• Around 80km from the Earth’s
surface
• High energy X-rays and UV
radiation from the sun.
THERMOSPHERE
• Gases are arranged
horizontally based on mass
• Temperature: 1,727 degree
Celsius
• Satellites and International
Space Station are found in this
layer.
EXOSPHERE
• Uppermost layer
• Considered outer space
• Atmosphere is extremely thin
with gases like hydrogen and
helium
IMPORTANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

• Blocks solar winds through magnetosphere

• Protects the earth from falling meteoroids and other bodies
• Blocks the harmful UV Radiation of the Sun
• Traps heat to maintain global temperature
• Weather and climate conditions happen due to the atmosphere
• Temperature, precipitation, humidity or wind velocity
• Wind patterns or movements
HYDR OS P H E R E
OBJECTIVES:
• Discuss and describe the hydrosphere
• Describe each composition of hydrosphere
• Describe different forms of water
• Enumerate and describe different sources of water
• Cite importance of water
HYDROSPHERE

•Liquid part of the earth

•Comprises ¾ of the earth’s surface
•Mainly composed of water
COMPOSITION OF WATER
• Composed of 2 hydrogen atoms and an
oxygen atom
• Odorless, colorless and tasteless
• Water molecules are linked together
through hydrogen bond
FORMS OF WATER
•Liquid water
•Water vapor
•Ice
TYPES OF WATER
1. Saltwater (97%)

• High salinity
• Found in oceans and seas
2. Freshwater (3%)

• Safe for human consumption

• Found in polar regions (69%) and in
aquifer, other bodies of freshwater
(21%)
SOURCES OF WATER
• BODIES OF WATER:
• Oceans
• Seas
• Gulfs
• Bays
• Straits
SOURCES OF WATER
BODIES OF WATER IN LANDFORMS

•River
•Streams
•Waterfalls
•Lakes
SOURCES OF WATER
GROUNDWATER

•Main source of freshwater

•Stored in aquifer-
underground layer of
freshwater
IMPORTANCE OF HYDROSPHERE
IMPORTANCE OF HYDROSPHERE
BIOS P HE R E
OBJECTIVES
• Discuss and describe the biosphere.
• Describe each composition of the biosphere.
• Enumerate the different levels of biological organization.
• Describe three domains of organism.
• Cite importance of the biosphere.
BIOSPHERE
•Subsystem of the earth where
life exists
•Where organisms live and
interact with its environment or
various components of other
subsystems
•Totality of biodiversity
LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
• Population- group of
organisms of the same
species.

• Community- group of
different populations.
LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
• Ecosystem-group of
different communities
interacting with the
environment

• Biosphere-combination of all
ecosystems
THREE DOMAINS OF ORGANISMS

•ARCHAEA
•BACTERIA
•EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Can live in extreme environments
• Methanogens
• Halophiles
• Thermophiles
 DOMAIN BACTERIA
• Microscopic
• Prokaryotic
• Can live everywhere
• Pathogenic, decomposers
or photosynthetic
 DOMAIN EUKARYA
• Most diverse domain
• Includes all eukaryotes
• Four type
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
 BIOMES
• Biological communities with distinct
climate, geographical location, biodiversity
and physical characteristics
• Two Types:
Terrestrial
Aquatic
 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Warm all year
Many animals and huge number of
trees
 DESERT
• Dry environment
• Low species diversity and precipitation
• Hottest biomes but can also cold
temperature in winter
• Plants and animals must be able to
withstand long periods without water
 CHAPARRAL
• Composed of shrubs and bushes
• Located in temperate regions
• Hot-dry summer and mild and rainy winters
• Soils in chaparral are dry and rocky
 GRASSLAND

• Plains or prairie
• Short to tall grasses with no trees
• Gets enough rain
 TUNDRA
• Located in temperate and polar
regions
• Flat and cold with low plants.
• Grass and moss only grow during
the short time of summer
• Permafrost
 SAVANNAS
• Grassland with scattered trees.
• Enough seasonal rainfall
• Dominated by flock or herds of
animals
 TAIGA

•Made up of conical-shaped
evergreen trees
•Has long cold winters
 CONIFEROUS FOREST

• Have cold, long snowy winters

• Warm humid summer
• 4-6 frost-free months
• Consists mostly of conifers
 TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
• Located in the mild-latitude areas
• Hot summers and cold winters
• Four seasons
• Different kind of trees, shrubs and
herbs
 MANGROVE FOREST

•Most abundant aquatic biomes

•Composed of mangrove trees

 AQUATIC BIOMES

FRESHWATER
Low concentration of salt
Most ponds, streams, lakes and rivers
 AQUATIC BIOMES
MARINE
Largest biome
5 major oceans
Has high level of salt
 CORAL REEFS
• Rich in diversity
• Organisms are the corals which are
cnidarians that sustain aquatic
communities
 ESTUARIES

•Rivers and streams merge

with the saltwater from seas
or ocean to form another type
called brackish water.
•High in nutrients
 INTERTIDAL ZONES

• Areas along the coast

• Changing environmental
conditions due to effects of
tidal activities
IMPORTANCE OF BIOSPHERE
IDENTIFYING COMMON ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS USING THEIR PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

LESSON 5
OBJECTIVES:

•DEFINE AND DESCRIBE MINERALS

•IDENTIFY SOME ROCK-FORMING MINERALS USING
THEIR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
•DESCRIBE AND ILLUSTRATE EACH ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS USING THEIR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
MINERALS
•BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS.

•COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

•WITH DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

•NATURE: SOLID AND MOSTLY INORGANIC

MINERALS

•DISTINGUISHED BASED ON DIFFERENT PHYSICAL AND

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

•PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CAN BE READILY DETERMINED

•CHEMICAL PROPERTIES NOT READILY DETERMINED

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• COLOR
• LUSTER
• STREAK
• HARDNESS
• CLEAVAGE FRACTURE
• CRYSTAL FORM
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
•REACTION WITH ACID
OTHER PROPERTIES:

•MAGNETISM
•SPECIAL GRAVITY OR DENSITY
•TASTE, ODOR AND FEEL
PHY S IC A L P R OP ER T IE S
 COLOR
• MOST OBVIOUS PROPERTIES OF A MINERAL
BUT NOT RELIABLE ALONE.

• EXAMPLE: QUARTZ CAN BE COLORLESS, WHITE,

PINK, PURPLE, GREEN, GRAY OR BLACK
 LUSTER
• DESCRIBE APPEARANCE OF A MINERAL WHEN LIGHT IS REFLECTED FROM
ITS SURFACE.

• METALLIC LUSTER- OPAQUE AND VERY REFLECTIVE LIKE GOLD AND SILVER

• NONMETALLIC LUSTER- IS DULL,

SILKY, GREASY AND PEARLY
LIKE SILICATES
 HARDNESS
• RESISTANCE OF A SMOOTH SURFACE TO ABRASION OR
SCRATCHING.

• MINERALS ARE COMPARED TO AN OBJECT OF KNOWN

HARDNESS USING A SCRATCH TEST.

• FRIEDRICH MOSHS- DEVELOPED A RELATIVE HARDNESS

SCALE BASE ON SCRATCH TEST
STREAK

• COLOR OF THE MINERAL THAT HAS BEEN CRUSHED TO A POWDER.

• STREAK IS OBTAINED BY RUBBING THE MINERAL ON A STREAK PLATE.
 CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE

• CLEAVAGE REFERS TO TENDENCY OF MINERALS TO BREAK

ALONG VERY SMOOTH, FLAT AND SHINY SURFACES.
 CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
•CAN BE DESCRIBED AS PERFECT, POOR AND GOOD.
•PERFECT- BREAKS EASILY ALONG FLAT SURFACES AND
ARE EASY TO SPOT.
•GOOD- DO NOT HAVE SUCH WELL-DEFINED CLEAVAGE
PLANES AND REFLECT LESS LIGHT.
•POOR- TOUGHEST TO RECOGNIZE, BUT CAN BE
SPOTTED BY SMALL FLASHES OF LIGHT IN CERTAIN
POSITIONS.
 CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
•FRACTURE MAY BREAK ALONG RANDOM, IRREGULAR
SURFACES.
CLASSIFIED AS:
•CONCHOIDAL
•UNEVEN
•HACKLY
•SPLINTERY
•EARTHLY
CRYSTAL FORM

• REFERS TO OVERALL SHAPE OR GROWTH OF PATTERN OF THE MINERAL.

DIFFERENT CRYSTAL FORMATION
1. ACICULAR- NEEDLE-LIKE
CRYSTAL FORM Kyanite

2. BLADED- BLADE-LIKE, SLENDER AND FLATTENED

3. BOTRYOIDAL- GRAPE-LIKE MASSES.

4. CUBIC- CUBE-SHAPE
Malachite
Pyrite
ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES

•MAGNETISM- ATTRACTED TO A HAND MAGNET.

•STRIATIONS-PRESENCE OF VERY THIN, PARALLEL
GROOVES.
•SPECIFIC GRAVITY- IS THE WEIGHT OF THE MINERAL
DIVIDED BY WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF WATER.
•TASTE, ODOR, FEEL
CHEMICAL PR O P E R T IE S
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

• MINERAL ARE IDENTIFIED BY HOW THEY REACT TO SUBSTANCES.

• CARBONATE MINERALS REACT TO ACID.
• METALLIC SULFIDE MINERALS FORM INTO SULFURIC ACID WHEN
EXPOSED TO AIR AND WATER
• URANIUM AND THORIUM CONTAINING MINERALS LIKE AUTUNITE.
• THORIANATE ARE RADIOACTIVE.
• METALS LIKE MAGNESIUM ARE FLAMMABLE.
EXAMPLE
DIAMOND
HARDEST NATURALLY-OCCURRING MINERAL
MADE UP OF A LATTICE OF CARBON MOLECULES
EXCELLENT INSULATOR OF ELECTRICITY
WHITE TO BLUE, PALE YELLOW TO COLORLESS
FORMED AT HIGH PRESSURE
NOT REACTIVE TO STRONG ACIDS AND STRONG BASES
EXAMPLE
CALCITE
CALCIUM CARBONATE (CACO3)
ONLY COMMON NON-SILICATE ROCK-FORMING MINERAL
BRITTLE
FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY AND HYDROTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTS
WHITE TO COLORLESS
HIGH REACTIVITY WITH WEAK ACIDS LIKE VINEGAR
VIGOROUSLY REACTS WHEN DILUTED WITH HYDROCHLORIC
ACID
EXAMPLE

GYPSUM
WATER-SOLUBLE MINERAL SEDIMENT
MOST COMMON SULFATE MINERAL
CLEAR, COLORLESS, WHITE, GRAY
LIMITED DURABILITY
SOLUBLE IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID
 S I F I CA TI O N O F M IN E RA LS
CLA S
 CL AS SI F YI N G R O C K S I N TO
OU S , S E D I M N ET A R Y A ND
IGNE
M E T A M O R P H I C
LESSON 6
OBJECTIVES

•DEFINE AND DESCRIBE ROCKS

•INTRODUCE AND DESCRIBE THE IGNEOUS, METAMORPHIC

AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.

•CITE SOME EXAMPLES OF ROCKS AND CLASSIFY THEM

ACCORDING TO THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
ROCKS

•NATURALLY-OCCURRING AGGREGATES OR CONGLOMERATES OF

MINERALS

•PETROLOGY: BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT STUDIES ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS

•ROCKS THAT COOLED AND CRYSTALLIZED FROM MOLTEN MAGMA

•MAY FORM BENEATH ON OR ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

•INTRUSIVE- FORMED DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH, CHARACTERIZED

BY LARGE CRYSTALS

•EXTRUSIVE- FORMED AT THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH,

CHARACTERIZED BY FINE-GRAINED CRYSTALS.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

•ROCKS FORMED FORM:

•SEDIMENTS
•DEPOSITION OF ERODED PARTICLES OF OTHER
ROCKS
•PRECIPITATION OF MINERALS FROM WATER
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TYPES
CLASTIC- DEBRIS FORMED FROM MECHANICAL
WEATHERING
CHEMICAL- PRECIPITATED DISSOLVED MINERALS
FROM A SOLUTION
ORGANIC- AGGREGATES OF PLANTS OR ANIMAL
DEBRIS
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

CLASTIC
•CONGLOMERATE
•CONTAINS CHEMICAL CEMENTS WHICH
BIND PEBBLES AND ROCKS TOGETHER

•PRODUCTS OF STRONG WATER CURRENT

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CHEMICAL
•ROCK SALT
•PRODUCT OF EVAPORATION OF
SEAWATER OR SALINE LAKES

•ALSO KNOWN AS HALITE

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ORGANIC/CHEMICAL
•LIMESTONE
•COMPOSED MAINLY OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE
•ORGANIC: ACCUMULATION OF SHELLS
AND CORALS
•CHEMICAL: PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM
OCEAN.
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

ORGANIC
•COAL
•FROM PLANT DEBRIS
•COMBUSTIBLE ROCK
•OFTEN USED AS FOSSIL FUEL FOR
ELECTRICITY GENERATION.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
•HEAT, PRESSURE OR CHEMICALLY ROCKS

•MODIFICATION HAPPENS DEEP BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE

•MODIFICATION AFFECTS THE TEXTURE, MINERAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
•FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
•SHOW LAYER OR BANDS DUE TO HEAT
EXPOSURE AND DIRECT PRESSURE

•NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS

•SHOW NO LAYERS NOR BANDS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 IDENTIFYING THE
MINERALS IMPORTANT TO
SOCIETY
 Kitchen Object Mineral/s Present

5
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
COPPER
•GOOD CONDUCTOR OF
ELECTRICITY AND IS VERY DUCTILE
•EASILY DRAWN INTO THIN WIRES
•MAINLY USED FOR ELECTRICAL
MACHINERY SUCH AS
ELECTROMAGNETS AND
GENERATORS
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
QUARTZ
• MOST WELL-KNOWN MINERAL,
OCCURRING IN ALL TYPES OF
MINERAL ENVIRONMENT.

• CRUSH-RESISTANT AND HAS

HIGH HEAT RESISTANCE

• USED IN MANUFACTURING
GLASSES OR AS SAND SLURRIES
TO FRACTURE RESERVOIR OF
ROCKS IN THE PETROLEUM
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
OLIVINE
• HAS HIGH CRYSTALLIZATION
TEMPERATURES
• USED IN GEMSTONE PERIDOT
WHICH IS THE BIRTHSTONE FOR
THE MONTH OF AUGUST
• PREVIOUSLY USED AS
REFRACTORY MATERIAL AND
SLAG CONDITIONER
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
GYPSUM
•SOFT MATERIAL THAT
IS SOLUBLE IN WATER
•FUNCTIONS AS
PLASTER IN CEMENT
PRODUCTION
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
HALITE
•NATURAL FORM OF SALT
•CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
NACL
•USED AS TABLE SALT AND
IS IMPORTANT IN
PRESERVATION OF MEAT
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
CALCITE
• SOFT MINERALS THAT
LEAVES WHITE STREAKS
WHEN RUBBED ON SURFACE
• COMPOSES SHELLS OF
MICROSCOPIC PLANKTONS
WHICH ARE USED AS CHALK
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
MAGNETITE
• BLACK, OPAQUE, MAGNETIC
MINERAL AND CONTAINS BOTH
FORMS OF IRON IN ITS CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE
• PRODUCES MAGNETIZED IRON
WITH MASSIVE MAGNETITE
• USED FOR COMPASS
PRODUCTION
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
IRON AND CHROMIUM

• STAINLESS KITCHEN WARES

THAT ARE LESS REACTIVE TO
FOOD.
• DURABLE AND NON-
CORROSIVE
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
TITANIUM

•STRONG BUT VERY LIGHT

METAL
•USED IN MAKING MEDICAL
AND DENTAL TOOLS
•IMPORTANT IN PROSTHETIC
AND IN DENTAL IMPLANTS.
MINERALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY
URANIUM

•USED IN NUCLEAR
POWER PLANTS
•SOURCE OF HEAT TO RUN
NUCLEAR REACTOR AND
GENERATE ELECTRICITY.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORE AND MINERAL
MINERAL ORE

All the naturally occurring Ores are usually used to extract

substances that are present in the metals economically. A large
earth’s crust are known as Minerals. number of metals are present.
All Minerals are not ores. All ores are minerals.

Minerals are native forms in which Ores are mineral deposits.

metals exist.
DESCRIBING HOW ORE MINERALS ARE FOUND,
MINED AND PROCESSED FOR HUMAN USE
OBJECTIVES:

•DESCRIBE HOW ORE MINERALS ARE FOUND

•IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF ORE MINERALS
•DEFINE THE MEANING OF MINING
•ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MINING
•ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT WAYS OF
EXTRACTING ORE MINERALS.
ORES AND ORE MINERALS

•SPECIAL ROCKS (ORES) WITH LARGE AMOUNT OF

MINERALS (ORE MINERALS)

•MINERALS WHICH ARE THEN EXTRACTED AND

PROCESSED FOR HUMAN USE
TYPES OF ORE:

•VOLCANIC: CAN BE FOUND IN VOLCANIC ROCKS

•METAMORPHIC: CAN BE FOUND IN CONTINENTAL AND MARINE SEDIMENTS; BED ROCKS
•SEDIMENTARY: CAN BE FOUND IN CONTINENTAL AND MARINE SEDIMENTS; BED ROCKS
•HYDROTHERMAL: CAN BE FOUND IN HOT SPRINGS OR OTHER HYDROTHERMAL
SOLUTION.
VOLCANIC ORES

•ORES FORMED FROM MAGMA AND LAVA

SOLIDIFICATION.
•MOST MINERALS ARE GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT,
I.E ALUMINUM
•GOLD AND DIAMOND ARE ALSO FOUND IN THESE ORE
MINERALS
•USUALLY FOUND IN DEEPLY WEATHERED ROCKS,
ESPECIALLY WEATHERED VOLCANIC ROCKS
METAMORPHIC AND SEDIMENTARY ORES

•ORES FORMED THROUGH METAMORPHIC AND SEDIMENTARY

PROCESS
•CONTAINS LEAD, ZINC, PLATINUM AND EVEN DIAMOND
•USUALLY FOUND IN CONTINENTAL OR MARINE SEDIMENTS AND
IN BED ROCKS
HYDROTHERMAL ORE

•ORES FORMED BY PRECIPITATION OF SOLIDS FROM

HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTIONS.
•HOT WATER AND INTERCONNECTED OPENINGS OF
ROCKS ARE SOME NECESSARY CONDITIONS
•MINERALS DEPOSITED IN THESE ORES ARE LEAD,
ZINC AND SILVER
•FOUND IN HOT SPRINGS OR WHERE HYDROTHERMAL
SOLUTION CONVERGES IN ADJACENT ROCKS
 MINING
TION FR OM A RO CK O R ORE
AC
PROCESS OF MINERAL EXTR
SURFACE MINING

•USED TO EXTRACT ORE OR MINERALS NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

•THE SOIL AND ROCKS THAT COVERED THE ORES ARE REMOVED THROUGH BLASTING.

•BLASTING IS A CONTROL USE OF EXPLOSIVES AND GAS EXPOSURE TO BREAK ROCKS

 SURFACE MINING

•OPEN-PIT MINING
•BIG HOLE IN THE GROUND.
•THE PIT IN MINE IS CREATED BY BLASTING
WITH EXPLOSIVES AND DRILLING.
•IT IS USED TO MINE GRAVEL AND SAND
AND EVEN ROCK.
 SURFACE MINING

•STRIP MINING
•REMOVES THE OVERBURDEN
FROM THE SIDES OF ANY LAND
FORMATIONS FORMING LONG
NARROW STRIPS AND DUMPS
THEM BACK INTO STRIPS.
 SURFACE MINING

•DREDGING
•PROCESS OF MINING FROM THE
BOTTOM OF A BODY OF WATER,
INCLUDING RIVERS, LAKES AND
OCEANS.
SUBSURFACE MINING

•EXTRACT THE ROCKS AND MINERALS THAT CAN BE

FOUND BENEATH THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
•NEED TO CREATE A TUNNEL SO THEY CAN REACH THE
ORE MINERALS.
•MORE EXPENSIVE AND DANGEROUS.
SUBSURFACE MINING

•LONGWALL MINING
•LARGE CONVEYOR
BELT REMOVES COAL
FROM UNDERGROUND
MINES
SUBSURFACE MINING

•SOLUTION MINING
•HOT WATER IS INTRODUCED IN
UNDERGROUND MINE
DISSOLVING ORES AND BRINING
THEM UP INTO THE SURFACE BY
PUMPING AIR INTO THE MINE.
MINERAL PROCESSING

• PROCESS OF EXTRACTING MINERALS FROM THE ORE, REFINING THEM AND

PREPARING THESE MINERALS FOR USE.
STEPS IN PROCESSING MINERALS
1. SAMPLING- REMOVAL OF A PORTION WHICH REPRESENTS A WHOLE NEEDED FOR
THE ANALYSIS OF THIS MATERIAL.
2. ANALYSIS- EVALUATE THE VALUABLE COMPONENT IN AN ORE.
3. COMMINUTION- PROCESS WHERE THE VALUE COMPONENTS OF THE ORE ARE
SEPARATED THROUGH CRUSHING AND GRINDING.
MINERAL PROCESSING

4. CONCENTRATION- INVOLVES SEPARATION OF THE VALUABLE

MINERALS FROM THE RAW MATERIALS.
5. DEWATERING- USES THE CONCENTRATION TO CONVERT IT TO
USABLE MINERALS.
EXTRACTING COPPER FROM SULFIDE ORES
EXTRACTING COPPER FROM SULFIDE ORES
EXTRACTING COPPER FROM SULFIDE ORES
EXTRACTING COPPER FROM SULFIDE ORES
 CITING WAYS TO PREVENT OR LESSEN THE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THAT RESULT FROM THE
EXPLOITATION, EXTRACTION AND USE OF MINERAL
RESOURCES
 TYPES OF MINERAL RESOURCES

•FUEL MINERALS
•METALLIC MINERALS
•NON-METALLIC MINERALS
EXTRACTION AND EXPLOITATION OF MINERAL
RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE MINING
WATER MANAGEMENT
ENERGY CONSUMPTION REDUCTION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
MINE SITE RECLAMATION
FOR M A TION O F F O S S I L
FUEL
OBJECTIVES :
•DEFINE AND DESCRIBE FOSSIL FUELS.

•ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS

•DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF EACH TYPE OF FOSSIL FUELS

WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS?
• NATURALLY OCCURRING CARBON COMPOUNDS FOUND IN THE EARTH’S CRUST.

• NON-RENEWABLE

• WORLD’S PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE THAT PROVIDE MOST OF THE ENERGY SUPPORT
IN TRANSPORTATION, ELECTRICITY AND INDUSTRIES.
TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS
 COAL
• SOLID FOSSIL FUEL THAT IS HARD, DARK
COLORED AND ROCK-LIKE IN APPEARANCE.
• READILY COMBUSTIBLE

• USED TO HEAT UP HOMES AND POWER TRAINS

AND FACTORIES
• USED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY AND TO MAKE
STEELS AND OTHER METALS
 COAL

•ARE FOUND WHERE FOREST TREES,

PLANTS AND MARSHES EXISTED
BEFORE BEING BURIED AND
COMPRESSES MILLIONS OF YEARS
AGO.
 COAL FORMATION

•COAL FORMATION STARTED DURING

THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD.

•IT TAKES A MILLION YEARS TO

PRODUCE A COAL
 COAL

4 MAJOR RANKS OF COAL

1. ANTHRACITE
2.BITUMINOUS COAL
3.SUBBITUMINOUS COAL
4.LIGNITE
 COAL

4 MAJOR RANKS OF COAL

1. ANTHRACITE
•HARD COAL
•HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FIXED
CARBON AND LOW PERCENTAGE
VOLATILE MATTER
 COAL

4 MAJOR RANKS OF COAL

1. BITUMINOUS COAL
•HIGH HEATING VALUE
•MOST COMMON TYPE OF COAL
USED IN ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
 COAL

4 MAJOR RANKS OF COAL

1. SUBBITUMINOUS COAL
•HAS HIGHER HEATING VALUE
THAN LIGNITE
 COAL

4 MAJOR RANKS OF COAL

1. LIGNITE
•BROWN COAL
•LOWEST GRADE COAL WITH THE
LEAST CONCENTRATION OF
CARBON
 COAL FORMATION

•COALS ARE FORMED THROUGH THE

PROCESS OF COALIFICATION

•COALS ARE FORMED FROM PEATS.

 COAL FORMATION
1. THE PEAT IS BURIED WITH SEDIMENTS.
2. THE BURIAL PROCESS MAKES THE PEAT
COMPACT.
3. THE BURIAL STAGE CONTINUES WITH
HEAT, TIME AND PRESSURE,
4. THEN THE PEAT IS DEVELOPED INTO
LIGNITE.
COAL FORMATION
 OIL (PETROLEUM)
•LIQUID FOSSIL FUEL THAT IS BLACK, THICK AND
HIGHLY VISCOUS
•HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
•CAN BE FOUND IN LAYERS OF ROCKS OR IN TAR
SANDS.
•USED IN PRODUCING KEROSENE, DIESEL, JET FUEL
AND OTHER PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND
GENERATING ELECTRICITY
 NATURAL GAS
• GASEOUS FOSSIL FUEL THAT IS ODORLESS, COLORLESS
AND HIGHLY FLAMMABLE

• COMPOSED MAINLY OF METHANE GAS

• USED IN GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND IN SUPPLYING

ENERGY FOR COOKING AND TRANSPORTATION
 OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION

•OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION OCCURRED

MOSTLY DURING THE MESOZOIC AND
CENOZOIC ERA

•DURING THOSE TIMES, OIL AND NATURAL GAS

ARE OFTEN MADE FROM DIATOMS AND
PLANKTONS
 OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION

1. OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORM FROM

ORGANIC MATTERS OF DEAD MARINE
ORGANISMS (PLANKTON, FISHES AND
ALGAE) THAT SETTLE AT THE BOTTOM OF
OCEANS AND SEAS
 OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION

2. SEDIMENTS, MUD AND SILT BURIED THESE

MATTERS AND MAKES THEM COMPACT.
3. WITH HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE,
THE ORGANIC MATTER IS DEVELOPED INTO
OIL AND EVENTUALLY NATURAL GAS.
 OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION

•OIL AND NATURAL GAS MOVE UP THROUGH THE

POROUS PART OF THE GROUND CREATING
RESERVOIR OF OIL OR NATURAL GAS.

•USUALLY, OIL AND NATURAL GASES ARE

EXTRACTED ALONG SHORELINES OR COASTAL
AREAS
SUMMARY