Beams

By
Sachin V Patil

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Beam

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 Classification of beams
• Supports
• Geometry
• Shape of cross section
• Equilibrium conditions
• Material

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Classification of beams based on supports

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5
6
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Propped cantilever beam

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10
Truss beam

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 Classification of beams based on geometry

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Straight beam

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Circular beam

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Tapered beam

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Classification of beams based on the shape of
cross section

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I - Section beam

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T- Section or flanged Beam

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C or Channel- section beam

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L or Angle- Section beam

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Classification of beams based on equilibrium
conditions

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Statically determinate beam

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Statically indeterminate beam

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Classification of beams based on material

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Timber beam

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Steel beam

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Concrete beam

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Beam mechanism

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Design of beams

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 Method of design
• Working stress method – Serviceability
• Ultimate stress method – Safety
• Limit state method - Both Safety and Serviceability
• IS: 456
• SP-16

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Limit state method of design
C/S Dimension

Loads

SF and BM

Reinforcement

Check for shear

Check for bending

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•  C/S Dimensions :
Effective depth( Cl.No: 23.2.1):
for L 10 m
for L 10 m
Effective span (Cl. No: 22.2):
L = clear span + effective depth or Center to center of support,
whichever is less

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•  Partial safety factor 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 steel
• Loads - If it is material divide by PSF and if it is load multiply.
• SF and BM
• Reinforcement type (Cl. No: 38.1) :
(i) = Singly reinforced ( Tensile)

- for fe-415
and

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•(ii)
  = Doubly reinforced ( Tensile and compression)

or 0.87, lesser
where, is 0.53 for fe-200 Compression
0.48 for fe-415
0.46 for fe-500

and Tension

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•  Check for Shear:
If - Safe so Nominal reinforcement (cl.no.26.5.1.1)
Spacing or 0.75d or 300 mm whichever is less
If - Unsafe so Shear reinforcement (cl.no.26.5.1.6)
Spacing or 0.75d or 300 mm whichever is less
where,
= Nominal shear stress
= Design shear strength, Table 19
=
is depends on number of legs

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•  Check for deflection:

Where,
Modification factor for tensile reinforcement (Fig.4)
Modification factor for compression reinforcement (Fig.5)
Reduction factor (Fig.6)
Safe
Unsafe
If it is Unsafe you have to revise section once again.

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Example

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Step-1: Given Data
Effective span (L) = 8m
Working Live load = 30 kN/m
Depth (D) = 650 mm
Effective depth (d)= 600 mm
Cover (d’) = 50 mm
Breadth (b) = 300 mm
Step-2: Loads
Self weight = Density of concrete x b x D = 25 x 0.3 x 0.65
= 4.875 kN/m
Total load = 30 + 4.875 = 34.875
Ultimate design load = Partial safety factor x Total load = 1.5 x 34.875
= 52.3125 kN/m
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•Step-3:
  Shear force and Bending moment

Unsafe
Therefore beam has to be designed as a doubly reinforced beam

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•Step-4:
  Compressive reinforcement

But,
Now,

Provide 20 mm dia bar

No. of bar (n) =
Provide 2-Y20 mm, now
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•Step-5:
  Tensile reinforcement

Provide 25 mm dia bar

No. of bar (n) =
Provide 5-Y25 mm, now

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•Step-6:
  Check shear
= From table no.19,

= 1.25 – 0.67
1.36 – x
1.50 – 0.72
x=
, unsafe- shear reinforcement is required

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•  =
= 84.69 kN
Provide 2#8 mm dia bar

But, 0.75d = 0.75 x 600 = 450 mm

Provide 2#Y8@250 mm c/c
Step-7: Check for deflection

= 19.8 mm

Safe, Hence deflection criteria is satisfied

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Step-8: Detailing

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Thank you

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