Intermolecular Forces

and Liquids and Solids

The Kinetics Molecular Theory of Matter

•The kinetics theory of

matter explains how
matter can change among
the phases of solid, liquid,
and gas.
 KEY TAKEWAYS
KEY TERMS
• kinetic molecular theory: Theory of treating
samples of matter as a large number of small
particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in
constant, random motion
• kinetic: Of or relating to motion.
• lattice: A regular spacing or arrangement of
atoms/molecules within a crystal.
• phase: A component in a material system that is
distinguished by chemical composition and/or
physical state. Matter can exist in the solid, liquid,
and gaseous phases.
The Kinetic Theory:
A Microscopic Description of Matter

The kinetic molecular theory of matter offers a

description of the microscopic properties of
atoms (or molecules) and their interactions,
leading to observable macroscopic properties
(such as pressure, volume, temperature). An
application of the theory is that it helps to explain
why matter exists in different phases (solid,
liquid, and gas) and how matter can change from
one phase to the next.
The three phases of matter: Notice that the
spacing between atoms or molecules increases as it
moves from solid phase to the gaseous one.
 The kinetic molecular theory of matter states
that:

• Matter is made up of particles that are constantly

moving.
• All particles have energy, but the energy varies
depending on the temperature the sample of matter is in.
This in turn determines whether the substance exists in
the solid, liquid, or gaseous state. Molecules in the solid
phase have the least amount of energy, while gas
particles have the greatest amount of energy.
• The temperature of a substance is a measure of the
average kinetic energy of the particles.
 The kinetic molecular theory of matter states
that:

• A change in phase may occur when the energy of the

particles is changed.
• There are spaces between particles of matter. The
average amount of empty space between molecules gets
progressively larger as a sample of matter moves from
the solid to the liquid and gas phases.
• There are attractive forces between atoms/molecules,
and these become stronger as the particles move closer
together. These attractive forces are called
intermolecular forces.
Shape and Volume of Liquids and Solids
Phases of Matter are distinguished by its shapes and volumes. Let’s recall this
concepts:

Matter in the gas states has

indefinite shape and
volume.

Matter in the liquid state

has indefinite shape and
definite volume.

Matter in the solid state

has definite shape and
volume.
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

has a basic assumptions:

All the three states of matter are composed of

molecules though not all times for SOLIDS and
these possess kinetics energy.
Comparison in terms of these of
these assumptions shows the
similarities and differences of matter
existing as gases, liquids, and solids.
Intermolecular Forces
Van der Waals Forces
Dipole-dipole Forces

• Is the attraction of bond dipoles

in different molecules. Bond
dipoles arise from the unequal
sharing of electrons by
covalently bonded atoms.
 Ion-Dipole Forces

• These forces exist when polar molecules

are attracted to ions. The positive pole is
attracted to a negative ion (anion), while
the negative pole is attracted to a positive
ion (cation).

• Are involved in solution processes like in

the case of sodium chloride dissolving in
water.
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
• London Forces

• Dispersion Forces

• Are weak attractions that are used to

explain the attractive between nonpolar
molecules as it is apparent that even
nonpolar molecules can have dipoles for
short periods of time.
Hydrogen Bond
• Hydrogen Bridge

• The hydrogen bond is weak bond formed

when a hydrogen with partial position charge
(a hydrogen bonded to a small, highly
electronegative atom) is close to an atom in a
molecule with lone pairs of electrons or with
excess electronic charge (negative). It is
formed as a result of weak electrostatic
interaction between the partially positive
hydrogen and the negative group or lone pair
of electrons.
• These intermolecular forces are weaker
than either ionic or covalent bonds, but
their importance cannot be
underestimated. They are responsible
for determining whether a molecular
compound is agas, a liquid, or a solid at
a given temperature. They also account
for the differences in some physical
properties of matter in the different
phases.
Thank you
Thank you