Fluid mechanics CE 230/ ME 385

Name of the Subject Faculty : Dr.M.Shameer Basha

Education Qualification:

Degree Major Institute/University

Ph.D Performance analysis of I.C. engine using JNTU Anantapur, A.P., INDIA
 
blends of alternate fuels.

 
M.Tech Thermal
JNTU Hyderabad, A.P., INDIA
 

Karnatak university Dharwad

B.E Mechanical Engineering
Karnataka INDIA

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 Fluid Properties
Fluid mechanics is branch of science which deals with behavior of the fluids (liquids or gases) at
rest as well as motion .Thus this branch of science deals with the static, kinematics and
dynamic aspects of fluids.
The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics .The study of fluids in motion ,where pressure
forces are not considered, is called fluid kinematics and if pressure forces are also considered
for the fluid in motion ,that branch of science is called fluid dynamics.

A fluid can be either a gas or a liquid. The differences in behavior of solids, liquids and gases
are due to the differences in their molecular structures.
Solids: Molecules have definite spacing. Their movement is restricted. Therefore, solids
have definite volume and shape.
Liquids: The spacing between the molecules is essentially constant but the molecules
can move with respect to each other when a shearing force is applied. Therefore,
liquids have definite volume but no definite shape.
Gases: The spacing between the molecules is much wider than that of either solids or
liquids. The spacing is also variable. Therefore, gases have neither definite shape nor
definite volume.
 
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 Density (or) specific mass (or) Mass Density:
The mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of the fluid to its volume, which is mass per unit
volume Mass of fluid m
Mass density ( )=  ( K g / m3 )
Volume of the fluid v

The value of density of water is 1 gram/cm3 or 1000 kg/m3

Weight density (or) Specific weight (w)
The weight density or specific weight of a fluid is ratio between the weight to its volume.

Weight of fluid mass  Acceleration due to gravity

Weight density(w) =  (N/m3 )
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
w=  g ………………….1.1.

Specific volume (v) Specific volume is the reciprocal of specific density. The specific
volume of a fluid is the volume occupied by the unit mass of the fluid.

1
Volume of fluid Mass of fluid 1
Specific volume (v)=  
Unaizah College of Engineering Mass of fluid Volume 
Specific gravity S (or) Relative density: Specific gravity is defined as ratio of weight density(or
density) of a fluid to the weight density (or density) of the standard fluid. For liquids the standard fluid is
taken water and for gases the standard fluid is taken air .The specific gravity is also called Relative
density.

 Mathematically S (for liquids)

  S (for gases)

Thus weight density of a liquid = S × weight density of water

=S × 1000×9.81 N/m3

The density of liquid = S × density of water

= S × 1000 Kg/m3 ……….1.1A

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Kinematic Viscosity : it is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid
It is denoted by the Greek symbol ν called ‘nu.in MKS and SI units Kinematic viscosity m2/sec while
in CGS cm2/sec

 ν =

Types of the fluids:

 
1. Ideal Fluid
2. Real Fluid
3. Newtonian Fluid
4. Non-Newtonian Fluid
5. Ideal Plastic Fluid.
 
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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids

Fluids which obey above relation are known as Newtonian fluids and fluids which do not obey the above
relation are called Non-Newtonian fluids

Ideal Fluid:
A fluid which is incompressible and is having no viscosity is known as ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is only an
imaginary fluid as all fluids, have some viscosity.

Real Fluid: A fluid which possess viscosity is known as real fluid

Ideal plastic fluid: A fluid in which shear stress is more than yield value
and shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain(or velocity gradient)
is known as Ideal plastic fluid

Effect of temperature on viscosity of water and that of air?

When the viscosity of the liquid decreases with increase in temperature
since the molecules present in the Liquid is less. While the viscosity of the air
increases with increases in temperature

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Problem : A flat plate area 1.5x106 mm2 is pulled with a speed of 0.4 m/s relative to another plate located at a distance of 0.15
mm from it. Find the force and power required to maintain this speed, if the fluid separating them is having viscosity as 1
poise.
Solution:
Given:
Area of the plate, A = 1.5 x 106 mm2 = 1.5m2
Speed of plate relative to another plate, du = 0.4 m/s
Distance between the plates, dy = 0.15 mm = 0.15 x 10-3m
Viscosity  = 1 poise = s 1 Ns
.
10 m 2

Using equation 1.2 we have

du 1 0.4 N
    3
 266.66 2
dy 10 015  10
. m
(i)  Shear force, F=  x area =266.66 x 1.5 = 400 N.

(ii) Power* required to move he plate at the speed 0.4 m/sec = F x u = 400 x 0.4 = 160 W.
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Problem : Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil, which is used for lubrication between a square plate of size
0.8 m x0.8 m and an inclined plane with angle of inclination 30 as shown in Fig. The weight of the square
plate is 300 N and it slides down the inclined plane with a uniform velocity of 0.3 m/s. The thickness of oil
film is 1.5 mm.

Solution:
 
Given:
 
Area of plate, A = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64 m2
Angle of plane,  = 30
Weight of plate, W = 300 N
Velocity of plate, u = du
Thickness of oil film, t = dy = 1.5 mm = 1.5 x 10-3m
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Let viscosity of fluid between plate and inclined plane is . Component of weight W, along the plane
= W sin 30 =150 N
 
Thus the shear force, F, on the bottom surface of the plate = 150 N
 

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 Problem: The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the plate is
60 cm. The thickness of the oil film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5 meter per sec
requires a force of 98.1 N to maintain the speed. Determine:
 
(i) the dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise, and
(ii) the kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.95.
 
Solution:
 
Given:
 
Each side of a square plate = 60 cm = 0.60 m
 
 Area, A = 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36 m2
 
Thickness of oil film, dy = 12.5 mm = 12.5 x10-3 m
 
Velocity of upper plate, u = 2.5 m/sec
 
 Change of velocity between plates, du = 2.5 m/sec

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 Change of velocity between plates, du = 2.5 m/sec
Force required on upper plate, F = 98.1 N
 Shear stress,
Force F 98.1N
  
Area A 0.36 m2
i.) Let  = Dynamic viscosity of oil
Using equation (1.2),

  𝑑𝑢 98.1 2.5
𝜏 =µ =µ
𝑑𝑦 0.36 12.5 × 10
−3

98.1 12.5  10 3 Ns  1Ns  10 poise 

   1.3635 2  
0.36 2.5 m  m 2

 1.3635  10  13.635 poise.
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 ii.) Sp. gr. of oil, S = 0.95
Let  =kinematic viscosity of oil
Using equation ,
Mass density of oil,  = S x1000 = 0.95 x1000 = 950 kg/m3

Using the relation,

 Ns 
1.3635  2 
 m 
  , we get  
 950

=0 .001435 m2/sec = 0.001435 x 104 cm2/s

= 14.35 stokes. ( cm2 /s = stoke)

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 1joule = 1NM

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 + x

44

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