Graphing Circular Functions

(Part 1)
Coverage’
• Graph of y = sin x & y = cos x
• Sinusoidal Functions
• Graphing sine and cosine functions
Graph of y = sin x and y = cos x
 Graph of y = sin x
Consider the table below.
 Graph of y = sin x
Plotting the given points in a Cartesian Plane, it will give this
graph.
 Graph of y = sin x
Notice how the sine values are positive between 0 and π,
which correspond to the values of the sine function in
quadrants I and II on the unit circle, and the sine values are
negative between π and 2π, which correspond to the values
of the sine function in quadrants III and IV on the unit circle.
 Graph of y = cos x
Consider the table below.
 Graph of y = cos x
Plotting the given points in a Cartesian Plane, it will give this
graph.
 Graph of y = cos x
• By thinking of the sine and cosine values as coordinates of
points on a unit circle, it becomes clear that the range of
both functions must be the interval [−1,1].
• In both graphs, the shape of the graph repeats after
2π,which means the functions are periodic with a period of
2π.
 Graph of y = sin x & y = cos x
• A periodic function is a
function for which a specific
horizontal shift, P, results in
a function equal to the
original function: f (x + P) = f
(x) for all values of x in the
domain of f. When this
occurs, we call the smallest
such horizontal shift with P >
0 the period of the function.
 Graph of y = sin x & y = cos x
• As we can see in the figure, the sine function is symmetric
about the origin.
• The sine function is an odd function because sin (−x)= −sin x.
Now we can clearly see this property from the graph.
 Graph of y = sin x & y = cos x
• The figure below shows that the cosine function is symmetric
about the y-axis. Again, we determined that the cosine
function is an even function. Now we can see from the graph
that cos (−x) = cos x
 Graph of y = sin x & y = cos x
CHARACTERISTICS OF SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS
The sine and cosine functions have several distinct
characteristics:
They are periodic functions with a period of 2π.
The domain of each function is (−∞,∞) and the range is [−1,1].
The graph of y = sin x is symmetric about the origin, because it is
an odd function.
1. The graph of y = cos x is symmetric about the y-axis,
because it is an even function.
Sinusoidal Functions
 Sinusoidal Functions
• A function that has the same general shape as a sine or
cosine function is known as a sinusoidal function. The
general forms of sinusoidal functions are
y = A sin (Bx − C) + D and y = A cos (Bx − C) + D
 Sinusoidal Functions
• In the general formula, B is related to the period P = 2π/|B|.
• If |B| > 1, then the period is less than 2π and the function
undergoes a horizontal compression.
• If |B| < 1, then the period is greater than 2π and the function
undergoes a horizontal stretch.
Sinusoidal Functions
 Sinusoidal Functions
PERIOD OF SINUSOIDAL FUNCTIONS
If we let C = 0 and D = 0 in the general form equations of the
sine and cosine functions, we obtain the forms
y = A sin (Bx)
y = A cos (Bx)
The period is 2π/|B|.
 Sinusoidal Functions
Sample Problem 1.
Determine the period of the following function.
1. y = sin (π/6 x)
2. y = cos (π/3 x)
 Sinusoidal Functions
• The amplitude is the distance to be covered by our graph. It
is related to the variable A.
• A represents the vertical stretch factor, and its absolute
value |A| is the amplitude. The local maxima will be a
distance |A| above the vertical midline of the graph, which is
the line x = D; because D = 0 in this case, the midline is the
x-axis. The local minima will be the same distance below the
midline.
 Sinusoidal Functions
If |A| > 1, the function is stretched. For example, the amplitude
of f(x) = 4 sin x is twice the amplitude of f(x) = 2 sin x.
• If |A| < 1, the function is compressed.
 Sinusoidal Functions
AMPLITUDE OF SINUSOIDAL FUNCTIONS
• If we let C = 0 and D = 0 in the general form equations of the
sine and cosine functions, we obtain the forms
y = A sin (Bx) and y = A cos (Bx)
• The amplitude is A, and the vertical height from
the midline is |A|. In addition, notice in the example that
A = amplitude = ½|maximum – minimum|
 Sinusoidal Functions
Sample Problem 2.
Determine the amplitude of the following function. Identify if it
is compressed or sttetched.
1. f(x) = –4 sin (x)
2. y = 12 sin (x)
Graphing
Sine and Cosine Functions
 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Sketching the Graph of a Sine or Vosine Function
1. Determine the amplitude |a|, and find the period 2π/|b|.
2. Divide the interval into four equal parts, and get five
division points.
3. Evaluate the function at each of the five x-values
identified in Step 2. The points will correspond to the
highest point, lowest point, and x-intercepts of the graph.
 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Sketching the Graph of a Sine or Vosine Function
4. Plot the points found in Step 3, and join them with a
smooth curve similar to the graph of the basic sine curve.
5. Extend the graph to the right and to the left, as needed.
 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Sample Problem 3.
Sketch one cycle of the graph of the following functions.
1. f(x) = 2 sin (4x)
2. y = −3 cos x/2
3. f(x) = ½ sin (-⅔x)
 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Graph of f(x) = 2 sin (4x)
 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Graph of y = −3 cos x/2
 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Graph of f(x) = ½ sin (-⅔x)
 WRAPPING UP
Graph the following.
1. f(x) = -3 sin (2x)
2. f(x) = ⅔ cos (x)
3. f(x) = 4 cos (½x)