Group 3 Fouling

Dimas Ramadhan 211919701022

Muhammad Alif Syah Putra 211910701012
Helga Fatkhariyadi P 191910701016
Ansori 181910701023
Ardhi Surya Hutama 181910701026
Awang Dika Pratama 181910701036
 Journal: Anti Fouling : An Overview
 Authors : Christine Bressy from Université de

Toulon and Marlène Lejars from Université de

Toulon
 December 2014
 Article  in  Journal of Ocean Technology
Fouling
During a ship’s lifetime
microorganisms, plants,
algae, or animals will
gather in its hull, during a
process called biofouling.
These organisms, known as
invasive aquatic species,
can negatively affect a
ship’s operation, while they
also present a threat to the
marine environment.
Introduction
Marine fouling is the accumulation of micro and macro-organisms on
immersed surfaces which lead to economic, environmental or safety-related
negative effects. Marine fouling generates surface roughness which increases
the drag resistance of a ship moving through water and consequently increases
fuel consumption and emission of greenhouse gases.
Fouled vessels are the most common vectors of marine species which attach
themselves to the ship hull and can be displaced in foreign areas leading to the
introduction of invasive, non-indigenous species into non-native environments.
The impacts of this phenomenon can be, on the one hand, ecological and
evolutionary with direct and indirect competition with native species, can have
an effect on higher trophic levels, and can change ecosystem processes.
Since antiquity, AF coatings have been developed to prevent the settlement
of fouling organisms. Pitch, tar, wax, heavy metals (lead) or toxic (arsenic)-
based coatings were the earliest techniques used. In the mid-1960s, Self-
Polishing Copolymer (SPC) coatings, incorporating a tributyl tin (TBT)-based
biocide, were the first to show a durable efficacy (up to five years) with modest
cost of production
Due to the negative effects of TBT on the marine environment, it is
prompting various governments to limit its use. Started by France in 1982,
which then IMO made a rule prohibiting the use of this type in October
2001.
TBT substitute materials that have been developed are synthetic and natural
biocides. This also increases the cost of developing new biocides. For this
reason, the European Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR, 528/2012) ) was
made to regulate the risk studies and marketing of TBT.
More than 4000 organisms were identified, among which bacteria, diatoms,
and algal spores were the main microorganisms that settled in the hull of
the ship, while barnacles, tube worms, bryozoans, shellfish, and algae were
the most common macro-organisms. Environmental Effects of Fouling
Colonization The resolution of marine fouling organisms is influenced by
several factors including salinity, pH, temperature, nutrient levels, flow rates
and solar radiation intensity. This factor varies seasonally, spatially, and in
depth.
These organisms can grow because they are influenced by the substrate
they attach to. Surface energy and hydrophobicity are one of the physico-
chemical parameters that affect the reduction and adhesion strength of
impurities. The influence of the irregularity of the gastric surface is also the
cause of the organism perching. 
 Chemically active AF technology is based on
 on the release of lead-free active compounds
 called a biocide.
 Aim :
 controlled release of bioactive molecules embedded in a polymer matrix called binder,

whereas these three technologies differ from each other regarding their mechanisms of action,
many of which remain partially understood.
 AF efficacy lasts between 12 months (contact leaching layer) and up to 90 months for the

most efficient SPC.

 These chemically active AF paints usually contain 35-50 wt.% of dicopper oxide as the main

biocide, 10% by weight of cobiocides or reinforcing biocides such as copper pyrithione, Zineb,
and DCOIT (4,5-dichloro2-octyl-2H-isothiazole- 3-one).
 The European Union Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR, 528/2012) (formerly Biocidal Products

Directive (BPD 98/8/EC)) regulates the production, marketing and use of non-agricultural
products intended for biocidal.
 purposes such as biocides in AF coatings;
 In order to introduce AF paint to the market, manufacturers must demonstrate the significant

AF efficacy of the product without any unacceptable risk to the environment or people.
 the biocide included in the paint must have been approved by the BPR.
 Foulin Release Coatings (FRC) are biocide-free coatings and their AF performance is

dependent on multiple modes of action, i.e., nonstick properties and impurity release
behavior.
 This layer minimizes the adhesion forces between fouling organisms and the substrate, so

that organisms can be removed by hydrodynamic stress during navigation or by simple

mechanical cleaning.
The specific fouling release properties have traditionally been
related to the surface hydrophobicity and low energy but are
also influenced by other parameters including surface
roughness, elastic modulus and thickness of the film
coating. Due to their non- adhesive properties, FRCs must be
applied on a tie-coat, an intermediate coat which promotes the
adhesion between FRC top coat and the anticorrosive epoxy
primer. The reported life-time in service of FRCs is typically
five to ten years. Like most paints, FRCs are formulated with
fillers as well as pigments which provide opacity and colour .

Chemistry of Fouling Release Coatings FRCs are mainly

composed of silicone elastomers. The polymer chains are
typically polysiloxane are used in many commercial FRCs
leading to an «ambiguous» surface with both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic properties that disturb the settlement of marine
organisms.
Drag reduction ability
Any shipPushed through water has resistanceRelated to it. In fluid dynamics,Drag is defined
as the force againstForward motion through the fluid and isParallel to the direction of the
free currentFluid flow velocity. For smooth, newShip, frictional resistance contributed80-
85% of total resistance in slow-Fast ship and as much as 50% in highFast ship. Reducing
drag drag isImportant for ship owners as resistanceOf a ship moving through water
affectsShip performance and fuel consumption asAnd gas emissions. Because they are
smoothSurface, commercial FRC refutedTo allow up to 10% fuel savings comparedFor
biocide-based AF coatings. General additive oil incorporationnot explicitly stated by the
manufacturer. Regarding their barrier-reducing nature,there really isn't a universal way
toassessing the economic benefits of FRC. Will FRC Replace Biocide-Based Coatings? in the
future? The biocide-based AF and FRC coatings are two technologies currently available in
global marine coatings market. Total number FRC sales increased significantly after
International Maritime Adoption organization convention in 2003, and is currently estimated
to be 5-10% by volume for commercial delivery but still less than 1% in the cruise ship
sector. It was predicted that a complete conversion to FRC will save more than 70 million
tons of copper- based biocide, 6 million ton booster biocides, and 20 million liters of
solvent per year in the world. FRC takes less time in dock, lower paint consumption, and
application cost, because only one top layer is required compared to two or three layers for
biocidal AF coating. Due to its finer nature surface, the hull coated with FRC shows a lower
drag resistance, at least initially, because fuel savings due to smooth running can be
eliminated if the FR layer gets dirty. A number of research shows a 10-20% reduction in fuel
oil consumption after application of FRC for different vessels previously coated with a
biocide-based AF coating.