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    CS322 - Computer Architecture (CA) : Spring 2019 Section V3

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    Sohaib Mehmood
    This document discusses the costs associated with manufacturing integrated circuits. It notes that Intel faces both unit costs to manufacture individual chips as well as startup costs to design new chips and build fabrication facilities. For consumers, the costs include Intel's profit and other company profits added to the price. Fabricating chips requires extremely expensive clean rooms, tools, materials and facilities. Yield, or the percentage of working dies per wafer, is a key factor in determining the unit cost of chips. Higher yields mean lower costs per chip. The document provides examples to illustrate how yields and defects per area impact unit costs. It also notes that startup costs must be recouped over many chips sold. Overall cost-performance, not just cost or performance individually, is

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    CS322 - Computer Architecture (CA) : Spring 2019 Section V3

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    Sohaib Mehmood
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    This document discusses the costs associated with manufacturing integrated circuits. It notes that Intel faces both unit costs to manufacture individual chips as well as startup costs to design new chips and build fabrication facilities. For consumers, the costs include Intel's profit and other company profits added to the price. Fabricating chips requires extremely expensive clean rooms, tools, materials and facilities. Yield, or the percentage of working dies per wafer, is a key factor in determining the unit cost of chips. Higher yields mean lower costs per chip. The document provides examples to illustrate how yields and defects per area impact unit costs. It also notes that startup costs must be recouped over many chips sold. Overall cost-performance, not just cost or performance individually, is

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    This document discusses the costs associated with manufacturing integrated circuits. It notes that Intel faces both unit costs to manufacture individual chips as well as startup costs to design new chips and build fabrication facilities. For consumers, the costs include Intel's profit and other company profits added to the price. Fabricating chips requires extremely expensive clean rooms, tools, materials and facilities. Yield, or the percentage of working dies per wafer, is a key factor in determining the unit cost of chips. Higher yields mean lower costs per chip. The document provides examples to illustrate how yields and defects per area impact unit costs. It also notes that startup costs must be recouped over many chips sold. Overall cost-performance, not just cost or performance individually, is

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    46 views26 pages

    CS322 - Computer Architecture (CA) : Spring 2019 Section V3

    Uploaded by

    Sohaib Mehmood
    This document discusses the costs associated with manufacturing integrated circuits. It notes that Intel faces both unit costs to manufacture individual chips as well as startup costs to design new chips and build fabrication facilities. For consumers, the costs include Intel's profit and other company profits added to the price. Fabricating chips requires extremely expensive clean rooms, tools, materials and facilities. Yield, or the percentage of working dies per wafer, is a key factor in determining the unit cost of chips. Higher yields mean lower costs per chip. The document provides examples to illustrate how yields and defects per area impact unit costs. It also notes that startup costs must be recouped over many chips sold. Overall cost-performance, not just cost or performance individually, is

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    of 26

    CS322 – Computer Architecture

    (CA)

    Spring 2019
    Section V3

    Lecture 2: Cost-
    Performance

    Tanzeela Shakeel, University of Management and Technology, Lahore


    Cost
    Two costs
    To Intel
     To you
    Intel’s costs
     Unit cost: costs to manufacture individual chips
     Startup cost: cost to design chip, build the fab line,
    marketing
     Costs to you
     Intel’s profit
     Dell’s profit
    Fabrication Cost
    Fab cost is very high, > $1B for 8”fab
    Clean room
    Equipment, usually > $1M per tool
    Materials, high purity, ultra high purity
    Facilities
    People, training and pay
    Semiconductor
    Semiconductor Technology
    Silicon: semiconductor
    Add materials to transform properties:
    Conductors
    Insulators
    Switch
    §1.7 Real Stuff: The AMD Opteron X4
    Manufacturing ICs

    Yield: proportion of working dies per wafer


    Unit Cost I: Integrated Circuit (IC)
    Chips built in multi-step chemical processes on wafers
     Cost / wafer is constant, f(wafer size, number of steps)
    Chip (die) cost is proportional to area
     Larger chips means fewer of them
     Larger chips means fewer working ones

     Wafer yield: % wafer that is chips


     Die yield: % chips that work
    Si wafer
    8” Wafer

    8” Wafer•8 inch (200 mm) wafer containing Pentium 4 processors–165


    dies, die area = 250 mm2, 55 million transistors, .18mm
    AMD Opteron X2 Wafer

    X2: 300mm wafer, 117 chips, 90nm technology


    X4: 45nm technology
    Intel Core i7 wafer
    Wafer Yield

    Die Yield
    Packaging Yield

    Overall Yield

    Overall Yield determines whether a fab is making profit


    or losing money
    How Does Fab Make (Loss) Money
    Cost:
     Wafer (8”): ~$150/wafer*
    Processing: ~$1200 ($2/wafer/step, 600 steps)
    Packing: ~$5/chip
    Sale:
    ~200 chips/wafer
    ~$50/chip (low-end microprocessor in 2000)
    Cost of wafer, chips per wafer, and price of chip
    varies, numbers here are choosing randomly based on
    general information.
    How Does a Fab Make (Loss) Money
    Cost
    100% yield: 150+1200+1000 = $2350/wafer
    50% yield: 150+1200+500 = $1850/wafer
    0% yield: 150+1200 = $1350/wafer
    Sale
    100% yield: 200x50 = $10,000/wafer
    50% yield: 100x50 = $5,000/wafer
    0% yield: 0 x 50 = $0.00/wafer
    Profit Margin
    100% yield: 10000 -2350 = $7650/wafer
    50% yield : 5000 -1850 = $3150/wafer •
    0% yield : 0 - 1350 = - $1350/wafer
    Integrated Circuit Cost
    Cost per wafer
    Cost per die 
    Dies per wafer  Yield
    Dies per wafer  Wafer area Die area
    1
    Yield 
    (1  (Defects per area  Die area/2)) 2

    Nonlinear relation to area and defect rate


    Wafer cost and area are fixed
    Defect rate determined by manufacturing process
    Die area determined by architecture and circuit design
    Problem
    Assume a 15 cm diameter wafer has a cost of 12,
    contains 84 dies, and has 0.020 defects/cm2.

    Find the yield for wafers.


    Find the cost per die for wafers.
    Solution:
    Die area = wafer area/die count
    Where as wafer area= Pi * radius*radius
     where as : Radius=diameter/2
    Now apply the value in yield and cost per die equations
    Home Problem 2:
    Assume a 15 cm diameter wafer has a cost of 12, contains
    84 dies, and has
     0.020 defects /cm2

    Assume a 20 cm diameter wafer has a cost of 15, contains


    100 dies, and has
     0.031 defects/cm 2

    1. Find the yield for both wafers.


    2. Find the cost per die for both wafers.
     3. If the number of dies per wafer is increased by 10% and
    the defects per area unit increases by 15%, find the die area
    and yield.
     4. Assume a fabrication process improves the yield from
    0.92 to 0.95. Find the defects per area unit for each version
    of the technology given a die area of 200mm2
    IC Cost Example
    Other Unit Cost
    Still more Unit Costs
    Processor is only 6-10% of the price of a desktop
    system
     Other costs
    Memory: 30-35%
     Video memory: 10-15%
     Hard drive: 8-10%
     Monitor: 25%
     Chassis and power supply: 10%
    Startup Cost
     Startup costs: must be pay back over chips sold
     Research and development: ~$100M per chip
     500 person-years @ $200K per
     Fabrication facilities: ~$2B per new line
    Clean rooms (bunny suits), lithography, testing
    equipment
     If you sell 10M chips, startup adds ~$200 to cost of
    each
     Companies (e.g., Intel) don’t make money on new chips
     They make money on productions (shrinks and
    frequency)
    No startup cost for these
    Cost- Performance
    Often performance and cost are not important individually
     Cost-performance (performance/cost) is important
     In general, find out what performance you need
     Pay as little as possible for that
    Cost
     Integrated circuit cost, die area and yield
     Startup costs
    Performance
     Latency and throughput
     CPU performance equation

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