Sri Ramakrishna institute of technology

Coimbatore – 10
Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

Transmission System
By
Dr.S.Mary Praveena
Associate Professor /ECE

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 Transmission Systems
• The purpose of telecommunication switching system is to provide the means to pass
information from one terminal (calling subscriber) to other terminal (called
subscriber) somewhere.
• The telecommunication system is divided into four possible elements namely end
systems or instruments, transmission systems switching systems and signaling.
LEC – Local Exchange
Central office

POT - Plain Old

Telephone

Figure : Telephone network and services.

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 Transmission Systems

• The end instruments are responsible for transmitting and receiving the
sound, data, facsimiles, pictures, voice, video and other information’s.
• The end instrument may be a telephone, fax, telex, computer or any
other means.
• The instrument widely used for communication is telephone and other
instruments are office related.
• Thus the general customer premise equipment (CPE) is assumed as
telephone.
• Telephones come in variety of designs, colors, and styles and are
designed to work with the local telephone company.

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Transmission Systems
• The transmission system provides circuits and path between two subscribers.
• The transmission circuits are capable of receiving the electrical signals at one
point and delivering them to a destination with good quality.
• If necessary, more transmission system can be setup for long distant
transmission for good quality.
• The transmission path, which is also referred as telephone channel or
transmission media is designed to provide voice-grade communication.
• It has evolved into a worldwide network that encompasses a variety of
transmission media and switching systems.
• Thus the transmission system behaves as an excellent candidate for a data
communication over long distances.

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 Transmission Systems
• The transmission system involves analog transmission (voice
communication) and digital transmission.
• The analog signals are characterized by frequency, amplitude and phase.
• In analog transmission system, signals propagate through the medium as
continuously varying electromagnetic waves.
• The medium for an analog transmission may be twisted pair cable,
coaxial cable, optical-fiber cable, microwave radio and satellites.
• The analog signals are subjected to deterioration due to attenuation and
noise addition in the channel.
• Hence amplifiers, filters and necessary circuits are added in transmission
system to upgrade the analog signal.

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Transmission Systems

Figure - Voice signal and digital signals

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 Transmission Systems
• In digital transmission system, signals propagate as a discrete voltage pulses (positive voltage represents binary 1, and negative
voltage represents binary 0).
• The digital signals are measured in bits per second (bps).
• In data communications, analog signals are used to transmit information over the telephone system or over radio
communication systems.
• A MODEM (modulator/demodulator) converts digital data to analog signals and analog signals can be converted to digital
information. This process involves sampling, quantizing and is called as digitizing.
• Now-a-days, the transmission between central exchanges and long distance sites are done by digitizing voice communication.
• The analog transmission takes place only between the local exchange or end office and homes.
• The digital to analog to digital conversion processing is shown as block diagram.

Figure : Digital – Analog –

Digital Conversion

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Transmission Systems

Figure : Digital – Analog – Digital Conversion

Voice converted to digital requires a 64 k bits/sec channel, which is the worldwide

standard called DS0 (digital signal, level zero) for transmitting voice calls.

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Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex
Transmission
• Transmission media may operate in simplex, half duplex and full duplex mode.
• Devices involved in transmission of signals (voice or data) may be transmitter
or receiver or both.
• If one system only transmits and other only receives, the link is called simplex.
• Transmission of signals by Doordarson and All India Radio (AIR) are belongs
to simplex transmission, as there is no possibility of reverse transmission.
• In certain cases, the control signals are returned to the transmitter to indicate
the reception of signals or some portion of the signals or no reception.
• Considering this factor into account, the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) defines the simplex (circuit) as ‘‘a circuit permitting the
transmission of signals in either direction but not simultaneously’’.

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 Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex Transmission

• If both devices (transmitter and receivers) can send and receive, but only
one device at a time, the link is called half duplex.
• The conversation is the example of duplex mode transmission.
• The ITU defines half duplex (circuit) as ‘‘a circuit designed for duplex
operation but which, because of the nature of the terminal equipment ;
can be operated alternately only’’.
• A full duplex line allows both systems to transmit and receive
simultaneously.
• The terms half duplex and full duplex are normally used when referring
to computer and other devices connected to an analog telephone circuit
using modern.
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TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS

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 Modern Long Distance Transmission System

• Modern Long Distance Transmission System can be placed under

three broad categories:

• Radio System
• Coaxial Cable system
• Optical Fibre system

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 References
• 1. Viswanathan T., “Telecommunication Switching System and
Networks”, Prentice Hall of India Ltd., 2015.
• 2. Flood J.E., “Telecommunications switching traffic and
networks”, Pearson Education Ltd., 2011.
• 3. John.C. Bellamy, “Digital Telephony”, John Wiley & Sons,
3rd Edition, 2009.

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