At the end of these presentations, students

must be able to:

Define what are ceramics.
Identify the classification of ceramics.
Differentiate the properties of ceramics.
Explain the Ceramic Process

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 http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf
3
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 http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf

Periodic table with ceramics compounds indicated by a

combination of one or more metallic elements (in light
color) with one or more nonmetallic elements (in dark
color).
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A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-
resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by
shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic
material, such as clay, at a high temperature. [1][2]
Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and
brick.

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The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery
objects (pots or vessels) or figurines made from clay,
either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica,
hardened and sintered in fire. Later, ceramics were
glazed and fired to create smooth, colored surfaces,
decreasing porosity through the use of glassy,
amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline
ceramic substrates.[3] Ceramics now include domestic,
industrial and building products, as well as a wide ranic
materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic
engineering, such as in semiconductors.

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What kind of material is ceramic?

Ceramics are generally made by taking

mixtures of clay, earthen elements,
powders, and water and shaping them into
desired forms. Once the ceramic has been
shaped, it is fired in a high temperature oven
known as a kiln. Often, ceramics are covered
in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances
known as glazes.
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15.11.21 8
Comparison Table Between Glass and Ceramics

Parameter of
Glass Ceramics
Comparison
Ceramics can be
crystalline or semi-
Glass is non-crystalline
crystalline in nature but
Nature and amorphous in
never non-crystalline.
nature.
They are inorganic
materials.
The main component of The main component of
Composition
glass is silicon dioxide. ceramics is clay.

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Parameter of Comparison Glass Ceramics

Glass, evidently is almost

always transparent, unless
tampered with to make it Ceramics are opaque in
Transparency look otherwise. It can be nature. Light cannot pass
made to look translucent or through them.
opaque too, but naturally,
glass is transparent.
Glass is cheaper than Ceramics are costlier than
Price
ceramics on comparison. glass.
Ceramics do not behave like
rubber or show any such
On heating to high kind of properties on being
Reaction on Heating temperatures, glass exhibits heated to very high
behaviour like rubber. temperatures. Instead, they
harden when exposed to
high temperature.

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 Extreme hardness
– High wear resistance
– Extreme hardness can reduce wear caused by friction
Corrosion resistance
Heat resistance
– Low electrical conductivity
– Low thermal conductivity
– Low thermal expansion
– Poor thermal shock resistance

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  Low ductility
– Very brittle
 Low toughness
– Indicates the ability of a crack or flaw to produce a
catastrophic failure
 Low density
High strength at elevated temperatures

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 Property              Ceramic     Metal    Polymer 

Hardness Very High Low Very Low

Elastic modulus Very High   High Low

Thermal expansion High  Low Very Low

Wear resistance  High  Low   Low

Corrosion resistance  High Low  Low 

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 Property             Ceramic          Metal     Polymer

Ductility Low High  High

Density  Low  High  Very Low 

Electrical conductivity  Depends   High   Low 

on material

Thermal conductivity  Depends   High  Low

  on material

Magnetic Depends High  Very Low 

on material

14
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 15
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Traditional Ceramics
the older and more generally known types
(porcelain, brick, earthenware, etc.)
Based primarily on natural raw materials of clay
and silicates
Applications;
building materials (brick, clay pipe, glass)
household goods (pottery, cooking ware)
manufacturing ( abbrasives, electrical devices,
fibers)
Traditional Ceramics

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Advanced Ceramics
have been developed over the past half century
Include artificial raw materials, exhibit specialized properties,
require more sophisticated processing
Applied as thermal barrier coatings to protect metal
structures, wearing surfaces,
Engine applications (silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon carbide
(SiC), Zirconia (ZrO2), Alumina (Al2O3))

bioceramic implants

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 Oxides

CERAMIC
S Nonoxides

Composite

Oxides: Alumina, zirconia

Non-oxides: Carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides
Composites: Particulate reinforced, combinations of oxides and non-
oxides

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Oxide ceramics are inorganic compounds of
metallic (e.g., Al, Zr, Ti, Mg) or metalloid (Si)
elements with oxygen. ... The minerals used to
make these ceramic materials are crushed or
ground into a fine powder that is purified by
adding it to a solution and allowing a chemical
precipitate to form.

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 Non-oxide ceramics are technical Ceramics
that are classed as inorganic, non-metallic
materials. They exhibit covalent bonds, can
be conductive (carbides) and non-conductive
(nitrides) and usually contain boron, silicon or
aluminium. ... They are used for nozzles and
dressing machines and for Lapping hard
metals.

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15.11.21 21
 Ionic compounds are (usually) formed
when a metal reacts with a nonmetal (or a
polyatomic ion). Covalent compounds are
formed when two nonmetals react with
each other.

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 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are
a subgroup of composite materials and a
subgroup of ceramics. They consist of
ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix.
The fibers and the matrix both can consist of
any ceramic material, whereby carbon and
carbon fibers can also be regarded as a
ceramic material.

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 There is an extremely wide range of
CMC applications, such as:
Heat exchangers.
Turbine blades.
Stator vanes.
High-performance braking systems.
Immersion burner tubes.
Bulletproof armor.
Heating elements.
Gas-fired burner parts.
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Oxide Ceramics:

Oxidation resistant

chemically inert

electrically insulating

generally low thermal conductivity

slightly complex manufacturing

low cost for alumina

more complex manufacturing

higher cost for zirconia.

zirconia
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Non-Oxide Ceramics:

Low oxidation resistance

extreme hardness

chemically inert

high thermal conductivity

electrically conducting

difficult energy dependent manufacturing and

high cost.
Silicon carbide cermic foam filter (CFS)
http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.made-in-
china.com/image/2f0j00avNtpdFnLThyM/Silicon-Carbide-Ceramic-Foam-
Filter-CFS-.jpg&imgrefurl

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Ceramic-Based Composites:

Toughness

low and high oxidation resistance (type

related)

variable thermal and electrical

conductivity

complex manufacturing processes

high cost. Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) rotor

http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.oppracing.com/images/cmsuploads/Large_Images/braketec
h%2520cmc%2520rotor%2520oppracing%2520cbr1000rr.jpg&imgrefurl

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 28
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 29
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 amorphous
CERAMIC
S crystalline

Amorphous
the atoms exhibit only short-range order

no distinct melting temperature (Tm) for these

materials as there is with the crystalline
materials

Na20, Ca0, K2O, etc Amorphous silicon and thin film PV cells
http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://simeonintl.com/sitebuilder/images/A-Si_Solar-
510x221.jpg&imgrefurl=http://simeonintl.com/Solar.html&usg=__ktCHUAO742PE0hh3U1fGw8go
PrM=&h=221&w=510&sz=17&hl=tr&start=68&sig2=9OC7pTtJz2SuK_AKdrqTAA&um=1&tbnid=x
QRh5yfCftf89M:&tbnh=57&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Damorphous%2Bceramic%26ndsp
%3D18%26hl%3Dtr%26rlz%3D1G1GGLQ_TRTR320%26sa%3DN%26start%3D54%26um 30
15.11.21 %3D1&ei=9Kv1SrTfAoej_gbrz6WtAw
Crystalline
atoms (or ions) are arranged in a
regularly repeating pattern in three
dimensions (i.e., they have long-range
order)
Crystalline ceramics are the
“Engineering” ceramics
– High melting points
– Strong a ceramic (crystalline) and a glass (non-crystalline)

– Hard
– Brittle
– Good corrosion resistance

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 most important thermal properties of ceramic materials:

 Heat capacity : amount of heat required to raise material temperature by

one unit (ceramics > metals)

 Thermal expansion coefficient: the ratio that a material expands in

accordance with changes in temperature

 Thermal conductivity : the property of a material that indicates its ability

to conduct heat

Thermal shock resistance: the name given to cracking as a result of rapid

temperature change

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 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

Flexural Strength

Hardness

Toughness

Porosity

Density

33
15.11.21 Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,
 Hardness: A material's ability to withstand
friction, essentially abrasion resistance, is
known as hardness. ... Toughness: How well
the material can resist fracturing when
force is applied. Toughness requires
strength as well as ductility, which allows a
material to deform before fracturing.

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Porosity: is the amount of water fired clay can
absorb. ... Each type of clay has a set temperature at
which it completes its vitrification and if this is
exceeded it can deform and melt. Porosity is measured
by weighing the piece, boiling it in water, weighing it
again, and calculating the increase in weight.

In ceramics, porosity is considered an indication of

density, and therefore strength and durability. Porosity
is measured by the weight increase when boiled in
water.

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 36
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Crushing &
Grinding (to get ready
ceramic powder for
shaping)

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Ceramic powder is converted into a useful shape at this step.

Processing techniques
◦ Tape casting
◦ Slip casting
◦ Injection molding

http://janereynoldsceramics.co.uk/images/ceramic1.jpg
38
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A suspension of seramic powders in water , slip, is poured into a
porous plaster mold
Water from the mix is absorbed into the plaster to form a firm
layer of clay at the mold surface
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 Water must be removed from clay piece before firing

Shrinkage is a problem during drying. Because water contributes volume to the

piece, and the volume is reduced when it is removed.

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 41
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 http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/first/process06.html

Raw materials are mixed with resin to provide the necessary fluidity degree.
Then injected into the molding die
The mold is then cooled to harden the binder and produce a "green" compact part
(also known as an unsintered powder compact).
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15.11.21
 REFERENCES
http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2123
www.accuratus.com/materials.html
http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/charact/heat/thermaexpan.html
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/4/5_4.htm
http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf
http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/chapter13.htm
http://ceramics.org/learn-about-ceramics/structure-and-properties-of-ceramics/
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_1.htm
http://me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH270/documents/Lecture20CeramicsA.pdf
http://www.tarleton.edu/~tbarker/2033/Notes_Handouts/Powerpoint_notes/Ceramic_Mat
erials_Module_7.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~mmedraj/mech221/lecture%2018.pdf
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/85/1585-004-168972D1.gif
http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/first/process06.html

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Thank You 

44
1. (Get a small piece of ceramic tile. Will the
ceramic permanently deform or break?

2. (Place the ceramic tile into a plastic bag and seal

the bag making sure all air is evacuated. Use the
hammer to smash the ceramic tile until it breaks.
Show students the remains and have them describe
the failure on their worksheets.)
What type of failure occurred?

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