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 Common Name : Bell Pepper

 Technical Name : Capsicum Annum
Family : Solanaceae

 Sweet pepper is a nutritious vegetable that is gaining in

popularity throughout the world.
 The fruit is also frequently consumed in its unripe
form, when the fruit is still green.
 Sweet pepper are usually less pungent pepper
varieties.

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  Most sweet pepper varieties are adapted to the cool,
dry season when the environment for production is
favorable.
 Sweet pepper grows best at 21–24°C.
 Growth and yields suffer when temperatures exceed 27°C or
drop below 18°C for extended periods.
 Sweet pepper crops benefit from crop rotation. Growing
pepper after paddy rice, for example, reduces the incidence
of diseases and nematodes.
 They are very sensitive to waterlogging. Soil pH should be
between 5.5 to 6.8. 

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  Sweet peppers come in many different colors, including
green, red, yellow, purple, white and chocolate.
 Shapes range from spherical to bell to elongated types.

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  Bell types—Bells are sweet peppers which are grown
primarily for fresh market. Their shape is blocky with 3 to 4
lobes and thick flesh.
 Most are green when immature and red when ripe.
 Varieties that perform well are Keystone Resistant Giant,
Yolo Wonder, California Wonder 300, Lady Bell, Hybelle,
and Pip.
 Most require 75 to 80 days from transplanting to harvest.

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  Optimal soil temperature for germination is 28°C. The soil
should be watered to keep it moist but not waterlogged.
 Thin seedlings and feed with a soluble fertilizer after their
true leaves appear.
 Seedlings can be grown in either trays or seedling beds.
 Seed rate is 1.5-2 kg for raising seedling in one hectare.

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  Feb-Apr Summer crop

 August Autumn-winter

 November Spring-summer

 March Hilly areas

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  Seedling Tray Method.
 Peat moss, commercial
potting soil, or a mixture of
sand, compost, and burnt rice
hulls.
 We recommend a mixture of
67% peat moss and 33%
coarse vermiculite.
 Sow 1-2 seeds per hole,
thinning to keep the
strongest plant.
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 Seedbed Method.
 Forming a raised seedbed of
15 cm or higher to improve
drainage might reduce
soilborne disease problems.
 Sow the seeds in rows
approximately 6-cm apart.
Cover the bed surface with a
thin layer of compost or rice
straw mulch.
SEEDLING TRAY
METHOD SEED BED METHOD

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  A good seedling is in the 4 or 5-leaf stage (about 4 weeks
old), vigorous, disease-free, stocky, and without flowers.

 Transplant in the late afternoon or on a cloudy day to

minimize transplant shock.
 Insert the seedling in a hole so the cotyledons appear above
the surface. Irrigate the field as soon as possible after
transplanting.

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  Raised beds are used to facilitate furrow irrigation and to
improve drainage.
 A mulching of rice straw, polyethylene plastic, or other
material is used to cover the soil surface. Mulches reduce
fertilizer leaching, conserve moisture, and reduce weeds.
 During hot weather (>25°C nighttime temperature), cover
plastic mulch with rice straw to prevent it from getting too
hot.

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  Cross-pollination is primarily caused by bees; therefore
isolating the crop from bees is very important.
 Remove any off-type plants (this is called rouging).
 These off-types can arise from volunteer plants from
previous crops, cross-pollination in the previous seed crop,
seed mixtures, mutations, or damage to the plant.
 Plants suffering from viral and some other types of diseases
should also be removed.

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  In the tropics, common fertilizer application rates are 140-
200 kg N per hectare,
 60-140 kg P2O5/ha.
 140-180 kg K2O/ha.
 Apply 40% of the inorganic N fertilizer before transplanting.
The remaining 60% should be applied in 3 equal amounts at
2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting.
 Apply 50% of the P2O5 and K20 before planting.
 The rest is applied 4 weeks after transplanting. 

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  Irrigation and water management is critical with sweet
pepper. The plants have shallow root systems.
 Furrow or drip irrigation are recommended. Sprinkler
irrigation should be avoided as wet leaves and fruits promote
disease development..  

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  Bacterial Spot.
 Small spots develop on leaves.
 Later, the leaves can turn yellow and drop.
 Disease is controlled by using pathogen-
free seed, rotating crops, and spraying
with copper fungicide mixes. Resistant
varieties are becoming available.

 Bacterial Soft Rot

 Infected fruits will collapse and hang like
water-filled bags.
 Management strategies include rotating
crops, using raised beds to enhance
drainage, mulching to reduce soil water
splash, and harvesting fruits carefully to
avoid wounding.

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  Tomato Fruit Worm
 Bores inside fruits.
 Chemical insecticides, Bacillus
thuringiensis, and parasitic wasps
are used to control this pest.

 Thrips :-
 Remove sap from foliage, causing
mid veins to dry and leaves to cup
upwards.
 Thrips are managed by eliminating
host weeds, rotating crops, and
spraying insecticides

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  Sweet pepper fruits should be harvested when they reach full
size and firmness.
 They are usually harvested before they begin changing color
(reddening or yellowing), unless they are intended for that
purpose.
 Most sweet pepper plants produce for 6-8 weeks until they
lose vigor.
 If possible, store the fruit in a well-ventilated location at cool
(10ºC) temperatures and relative humidity of 90-95%.

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  Sweet pepper seeds should be extracted from fresh fruits.
 Seeds may be removed by hand or by grinding the fruits
(with dull blades to minimize seed damage). 
 Separate the seeds from fruits with a series of water washes.
 Do not extract diseased or poor quality seeds.

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  Spread the seeds on a screen for drying at 25ºC and 40%
relative humidity for one week. Use an air dryer if available.
 If one is not available, dry the seeds in a warm, well-
ventilated placed out of direct sunlight. Stir the seeds
occasionally and/or use a fan to hasten drying.

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  Pepper seeds can be safely stored for at least 3-5 years.
 Place seeds in envelopes, cloth or mesh bags, plastic
containers, or foil envelopes.
 The best containers are airtight, such as a sealed glass jar,
metal can or foil envelope.

Store seeds in a cool, dry place.

 The temperatures should not exceed 20°C and relative
humidity (RH) in the storage area should not exceed 30%.

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  Kohinoor International Pvt. Limited based in Hyderabad.
They are among the major distributors and wholesalers.

 Moon Star Seed Stores also based in Hyderabad.

 Hajji Sons Pvt. Limited based in Lahore. They are also

among the major distributors and wholesalers of vegetable
seeds in Pakistan.

 Kamran brothers, importers and exporters of vegetable seeds

based in Rawalpindi.

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  Vegetable seed is being imported from China, India,
Thailand, Italy, Japan, Korea, Denmark, India,
United States of Amarica,etc.

 In our market sweet pepper seed is imported from

China, India and USA.

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  Chaudhary M. Azhar Siddiqui & Sons Pvt. Limited.

 Yousaf Sohail and Company Faisalabad, importers and

distributors of vegetable seeds of both opi and hybrid
verities.

 Green Gold Agri-Seeds, vegetable and fodder seed importers

and distributors in Faisalabad.

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  California Wonder, packing of 100gms having price of 1800
rupees imported by Hussan Seeds Grw, Pakistan.

 Hybrid Capsicum Gun Gun, packing of 10gms having price

of 300 rupees, Phauja Seeds Pvt Ltd are distributors and
Insaaf Seeds Stores, Hyderabad are importers of this seed.

 Sweet Yolo Wonder, packing of 100gms,having price 900

rupees, Modesto Seeds American are producer, seed was
treated with THIRAN.

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  SP were grown under in greenhouse under three different
cultivation methods (organic, integrated and conventional
farming).
 Aim of this work was to characterize and evaluate, under
same climate conditions, the yield and fruit quality of SP
under organic fertilization management, compared to other
two methods in which chemical fertilizers was added at
different dosages through crop cycle to avoid nutrient
depletion.
 During that exp, plant growth and especially yield and
fruit quality parameters were mentioned to determine the
effects.
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  Conventional treatment consisted of local fertilizer dosage
N: 30.7, P2O5: 28.3, MgO: 10.5, K2O: 54.7. CaO: 27.5.

 Integrated treatment received half of the fertilizer dosage of

the conventional treatment.

 No chemical fertilizers were added to the organic treatment.

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  Plant fresh weight and total leaf fresh weight were
progressively reduced by 32.6 and 35% respectively in
organic treatment compared with conventional due to
nitrate depletion at the end of cycle.
 But no significant differences in total marketable yield
were observed b/w conventional and organic
farming.
 At the same time fruit firmness, pericarp thickness,
pH and TSC showed higher values with organic
method with no significant difference to conventional
method
 Integrated farming showed highest yield in extra and
first class fruit categories.

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Treatment Total Marketable Yield Extra & Class 1 Class 2 & Class 3 Non-marketable
(Kg/m-2) (Kg/m-2) (Kg/m-2) (Kg/m-2)
Conventional 7.34 1.96a 5.37 1.34
Integrated 7.99 2.45b 5.54 1.03
Organic 7.33 1.91a 5.42 1.40
ANOVA ns ** ns ns

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Treatment Dry Matter Content% Firmness Pericarp Thickness pH EC(dS m-1) TSS
(Brix)
% Kg (mm)
Conventional 8.38 4.89 5.61 5.32 4.20 4.98
Integrated 8.08 4.47 5.70 5.30 4.37 4.84
Organic 8.26 5.08 6.12 5.31 3.87 5.02
ANOVA NS NS NS NS NS NS

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  It was suggested that with proper manure dosage, chemical
fertilizers could be reasonably avoided in sweet pepper
cultivation, lowering production costs and reducing ground
water pollution without decreasing fruit yield and only a
minor effect on fruit quality.

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