Algebraic

Expressions
- an expression containing variables, numbers, and
operation symbols

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Lecture 1
 Objectives
define the following: constants, variables, expressions, terms,
monomial, multinomial ( binomial, trinomial…), polynomials,
coefficients, factors, degree of a term/ polynomial,
perform the fundamental operations on polynomials
 Constants
- are that part of the algebraic expression that involve only numbers.
- We call them constants because the value is always the same.
- It is definite.
- There are no variables in the term that can change the value of the constant.

Variables
- A variable is a letter used to stand for a number.
- The letters x, y, z, a, b, c, m, and n are probably the most commonly used variables.
- The letters e and i have special values in algebra and are usually not used as
variables.
- The letter o is usually not used because it can be mistaken for 0 (zero).
 Terms
- Each expression is made up of terms.
- A term can be a signed number, a variable, or a constant multiplied
by a variable or variables.
- Each term in an algebraic expression is separated by a + sign or -
sign.
- In 5x + 3y + 8, the terms are: 5x, 3y, and 8.

Coefficient
- When a term is made up of a constant multiplied by a variable or
variables, that constant is called a coefficient.
- In the term 5x, the coefficient is 5.
 Degree
- In some terms, the variables will have exponents, such as 8x^2.

This exponent determines the degree of that term.

- The degree of 8x^2 is 2. The degree of 5x^3 is 3.

- If the variable does not have an exponent, the degree is 1.
- For instance, the degree of 8x is 1.
- If a term has more than one variable, the degree is equal to the sum of
the exponents of all its variables. The degree of 2x^3y^3 is 6.
- If a term does not contain any variable, the degree is 0. For instance, the
degree of 9 is 0.
 Factor
- Factor, in mathematics, a number or algebraic expression that divides another
number or expression evenly—i.e., with no remainder.
- For example, 3 and 6 are factors of 12 because 12 ÷ 3 = 4 exactly and 12 ÷ 6 = 2
exactly.
- The other factors of 12 are 1, 2, 4, and 12.
- A positive integer greater than 1, or an algebraic expression, that has only two
factors (i.e., itself and 1) is termed prime; a positive integer or an algebraic
expression that has more than two factors is termed composite.
- The prime factors of a number or an algebraic expression are those factors which
are prime.
 Monomial
- A monomial is an algebraic expression that consists of one term.
- Two or more monomials can be added or subtracted only if they are LIKE
TERMS.
- Like terms are terms that have exactly the SAME variables and exponents on
those variables. The coefficients on like terms may be different.
 Binomial
A binomial is an algebraic expression that has two non-zero terms. Examples of a binomial
expression:

 a2 + 2b is a binomial in two variables a and b.

 5x3 – 9y2 is a binomial in two variables x and y.

 -11p – q2 is a binomial in two variables p and q.

 m + n is a binomial in two variables m and n.

 b3/2 + c/3 is a binomial in two variables b and c.

 5m2n2 + 1/7 is a binomial in two variables m and n.

 Trinomial
A trinomial is an algebraic expression that has three non-zero terms. Examples of a trinomial
expression:

 x + y + z is a trinomial in three variables x, y and z.

 2a2 + 5a + 7 is a trinomial in one variables a.

 xy + x + 2y2 is a trinomial in two variables x and y.

 -7m5 + n3 – 3m2n2 is a trinomial in two variables m and n.

 5abc – 7ab + 9ac is a trinomial in three variables a, b and c.

 x2/3 + ay – 6bz is a trinomial in five variables a, b, x, y and z.

 Polynomial
A polynomial is an algebraic expression that has one, two or more terms. Examples of
polynomials:

 2a + 5b is a polynomial of two terms in two variables a and b.

 3xy + 5x + 1 is a polynomial of three terms in two variables x and y.

 3y4 + 2y3 + 7y2 – 9y + 3/5 is a polynomial of five terms in one variables y.

 m + 5mn – 7m2n + nm2 + 9 is a polynomial of four terms in two variables m and n.

 3 + 7x5 + 4x2 is a polynomial of three terms in one variable x.

 3 + 5x2 – 4x2y + 5xy2 is a polynomial of Four terms in two variables x and y.

 Fundamental operations of algebraic
expressions
 Addition of Algebraic expressions

 Subtraction of Algebraic expressions

 Multiplication of Algebraic expressions

 Division of Algebraic expressions

 Addition of Algebraic expressions
Two or more algebraic expressions are often involved in addition to find the sum of them. In
algebra, the addition of algebraic expressions is performed by displaying a plus sign
between every two algebraic expressions. Then, the like algebraic terms of them are added
to get the summation of the algebraic expressions.

 
 First step
Write all algebraic expressions in a row by displaying a plus sign between every two
expressions.

Second step
Write the like algebraic terms of all expressions closer.
 Third step
Now, combine the like algebraic terms by adding or subtracting the like terms.

Note: The summation is a trinomial and its unlike algebraic terms cannot be added.

Therefore, the sum of the algebraic expressions is simply represented by their simplified 
algebraic expression. Thus, the algebraic expressions are added in algebra.
Subtraction of Algebraic expressions
In algebra, two algebraic expressions are involved in subtraction to find their difference
mathematically. The subtraction of algebraic expressions is expressed by writing the
expressions in a row but a minus sign is displayed between them. Then, the like algebraic
terms of both expressions are subtracted to find their difference in mathematics.

 
 First step
Write algebraic expressions in a row by displaying a minus sign between them
OVERVIEW DIAGRAM Second step
Now, write the like algebraic terms of both expressions closer.

Third step
Merge the like algebraic terms by adding or subtracting the like algebraic terms.

Note: The difference of the expressions is an algebraic expression but its unlike terms
 cannot be added due to the property of unlikeness. Therefore, difference of any two
expressions is also an algebraic expression and thus, the algebraic expressions are
subtracted in algebra.
Multiplication of Algebraic expressions
In algebra, two or more algebraic expressions are involved in multiplication to represent their
product. The multiplication of them is expressed in mathematical form by displaying a
multiplication sign (×) between every two expressions. The product of any two algebraic
expressions is calculated by multiplying an expression by another and this process is
repeated if more than two expressions are involved in the multiplication.

Required knowledge

1. Distributive property

2. Operations of the algebraic terms

 Procedure
There are three steps involved in finding the product of any two multiplying algebraic
expressions.

1. Distribute the multiplication of an algebraic expression to each term of another

algebraic expression.
2. Distribute the multiplication over addition or subtraction to find the products of the
terms.
3. Check the expression for the like terms. if it contains like terms, then combine the
terms.

Note: Repeat the same process to find the product of more than two multiplying algebraic
expressions.
 Distributive property
a, b and c are three literals but represent three terms in algebraic form. The sum and
difference of the terms b and c are written as b + c and b − c respectively. The distributive
property can be written in terms a, b and c in two different forms.

Addition form
Usage
a(b + c) = ab + ac
The distributive property is mainly used in two different cases.
Subtraction form
1. To distribute the multiplication across the sum or difference
a (b – c) = ab - ac of the terms.
2. To take the common factor out from the sum or difference
of the terms.
 Example
  and are two algebraic expressions.

First step
First step cont’d…
Second step
 Third step
Lastly, simplify the algebraic expression by the fundamental operations of terms for
combining the like terms.
 Division of Algebraic expressions
A mathematical operation of dividing an algebraic expression by another expression is called
the division of algebraic expressions.

Required knowledge

1. Factoring

2. Division of algebraic terms

 Procedure
There are three steps involved in evaluating the quotient for the division of any two
algebraic expressions.

1. Factorize the algebraic expression in the numerator.

2. Factorize the algebraic expression in the denominator.

3. If there are any same factors in numerator and denominator, then cancel them.
Example
 THANKS! Do you have any questions?
ppanganiban@ckcgingoog.ph.education
+639975743009

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 Reference
https://www.mathdoubts.com/operations-of-
algebraic-expressions/

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,

including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik