Law of Exponents

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Lecture
 What is an Exponent?

 Exponents are a shorthand way to show a larger number

 shorthand for repeated multiplication.

 Sometimes referred as powers.

 Laws of Exponents (integral and rational exponents)

Integral Exponents

One example was Earth's mass, which is about:

6 × 1024 kg

In this number, the 10 is raised to the power 24 (we could also say "the exponent
of 10 is 24").
The number 10 is called the base and 24 is called the exponent (or power).
Definition:  am means "multiply m lots of a together"

Note 1: "Integral exponent" means the exponent is a whole number (That is, an 
integer)
Integral Exponents

Example 1:

1. y5 = y × y × y × y × y

[There are 5 lots of y being multiplied together.]

2. 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16

[There are 4 lots of 2 multiplied together.]

 Multiplying Expressions with the Same Base

Definition: am × an = am+n
Example 2.
Let's see how this works with an example involving a variable, b:

b5 × b3
= (b × b × b × b × b) × (b × b × b)

= b8

Our final answer is equivalent to b5+3.

 Dividing Expressions with the Same Base
When we divide expressions with the same base, we need to subtract the exponent of the
number we are dividing by from the exponent of the first number. In general, we can write is
as follows.
Example 3

  cancel 2 of the b's from the numerator (the top) and the two b's from the
We
denominator (the bottom) of the fraction. The result is equivalent to .

We could also write this problem as

Repeated Multiplication of a Number Raised to a Power

Example 4
A Product Raised to an Integral Power

Example 5

 We have raised the 5 to the power 3 (giving us 125) and we can't do anything else with .
A Fraction Raised to an Integral Power
If we have a fraction raised to an integral power, we need to raise the top number to the
power and divide by the bottom number raised to the power.
Example 6

Example 7
Raising a Number to a Zero Exponent

Note 1: a0 = 1 is a convention, that is, we agree that raising any number to the power 0 is
1. We cannot multiply a number by itself zero times.
Raising a Number to Negative Exponents
Summary - Laws of Exponents
Rational Exponents

Fractional exponents can be used instead of using the radical sign (√). We use fractional
exponents because often they are more convenient, and it can make algebraic operations
easier to follow.

 The n-th root of a number can be written using the power , as follows:

Example 1
 The cube root of 8 is 2 (since .
We can write the cube root of 8 as:
Example 2
 The 4-th root of 625 can be written as either:

Example 3
The square root of a number can be written using the radical sign (√) or with
exponent 1/2.

 The following are equivalent:

 Definition:
If m and n are positive integers that are relatively prime, and a is a
real number, then if is a real number.

 Example 4
1.

2.
 Definition:
If m and n are positive integers that are relatively prime, and a is a
real number, then if is a real number.

 Example 4
1.

2.
 Negative Rational Exponents

 Definition:
If m and n are positive integers that are relatively prime, and a is a real
number and , then if is a real number.

 Example 4
1.
Simplifying Exponential
expressions

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Lecture
Example 1: Simplify each expression and write the answer with positive
exponents only.

SOLUTION
 2.

SOLUTION
 Example 2. Simplify the expression so that each variable appears only once and all the
exponents are positive. Assume that x > 0 and y >0.

SOLUTION
 
 Example 3. Find each of the following products and express the result with positive
exponents. Assume that x > 0 and y >0.

SOLUTION
 
 Example 2. Find each of the following products and express the result with positive
exponents. Assume that x > 0 and y >0.

a. (Try!)

ANSWER:
  𝑎−𝑏
1 /2 1/ 2
𝑎 𝑏
 Example 4. Find each of the following expression by removing the factor containing the
lowest power of the variable .

a. b.

SOLUTION
 
Fundamental operations on exponential expressions

Rule 1: Simplify all operations inside parentheses.

Rule 2: Simplify all exponents, working from left to right.

Rule 3: Perform all multiplications and divisions, working from left to right.

Rule 4: Perform all additions and subtractions, working from left to right.
Example 1
Evaluate  8 + (2 x 5) x 34 ÷ 9
 Task:
 Simplify the following:
Reference

https://www.intmath.com/exponents-radicals/1-integral-exponent-laws.php