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Topic 6 Survey Research Methodology
Topic 6 Survey Research Methodology
METHODOLOGY
HMEF5093
Chung Han Tek
chunght88@oum.edu.my
TOPIC 6
Inference/generalisation Census
Description of
Single Variables
Cross-Sectional
Survey Exploring
Relationships
Panel Studies
Description of
Single Variables
CROSS- Time-bound
SECTIONAL Association
SURVEY
Exploring
Relationships
Time-ordered
Association
Example:
To study the reading interest of secondary school
students, you administer a questionnaire with 20 items,
each indicating a different type of reading material. 200
respondents are asked to indicate their degree of
interest (e.g. always, sometimes, never)
Time-bound Association
Example:
To examine the relationship between job satisfaction and readiness
for change, you administer two questionnaires, each on one variable,
to a sample of 150 working adults. They are asked to respond to the
items in each questionnaire based on their current attitude, feeling,
opinion, etc.
Current state
Possible Analysis:
(1) Correlation
(2) Chi-square Job Satisfaction
Readiness for Change
Time-ordered Association
Example:
To study whether attitude towards the teaching of Maths in English
is related to the amount of training. You administer a questionnaire
designed to collect information about the two variables, training (e.g.
frequency of courses) and attitude (e.g. Likert-type attitude statements)
to 150 primary school Maths teachers.
Data collection
Training Attitude
(2002) (2006)
Panel Studies
Data Collection
Trend Studies
Different samples are drawn from a given general
population at different data collection points and
surveyed
Example:
The Use of English in Teaching Maths among primary
school teachers
S1 S3
S2
Example:
The Use of English in Teaching Maths among primary
school teachers
S3
S1
S2
2005 2006
2004
Panel Studies
A sample is drawn from a population and
surveyed over a period of time
Example:
The Use of English in Teaching Maths among primary
school teachers
Primary School
Maths Teachers
Sample
Race::5000
5000(M),
(M),3000
3000(C),
(C), Race: : 250(M),
- -Race 250(M),150(C),
150(C),50
50
--Race
1000(I),
(I),1000
1000(O).
(O). (I),
(I), 50(O).).
50(O
1000
5% Sample
Population
Representative Sample = Sample that has similar characteristics as the
population – Population Validity
Source of Sample
POPULATION
Probability Non-probability
sampling sampling
Purposive
Systematic Stratified
sampling
sampling sampling
Random Sampling
(a) Assign a number to each member of the population and select
the subjects based on the numbers in a random table. OR
(b) Place a slip of paper with the name or ID no. of each member
in a container, mix the slips thoroughly and draw the required
number of names or numbers
Systematic Sampling
- Divide the population by the sample size needed
e.g. 1000/100 = 10
- Select at random a number < 10, e.g. 7
- Number the members of the population and select every Nth (i.e.
7th) name from the list of the population
Stratified sampling
- Divide the population into subgroups (strata) according to
certain critical factors (e.g. gender – Male and Female)
- randomly select sufficient number of subjects from each
subgroup. The proportion of subjects selected from each
subgroup is the same as the population.
Example
Population Sample
(N = 5000) (n = 500)
Male = 3000 (60%) Male = ?
Female = 2000 (40%) Female = ?
If the data from different subsamples (i.e. Male and Female) are to be
combined for analysis, the subsamples must be proportionate to those
in the population. However, if the two subsamples were to be
compared, not combined, it would not be necessary for the
subsamples to be proportionate.
Cluster Sampling
- randomly select groups of individuals (e.g.10
schools) from the population (100 schools)
- Include all the individuals of the groups (10 schools)
in the sample.
Population
Sample
Quota sampling
- Identify the subgroups and their proportions in the
population (e.g. 60% Female & 40% Male)
- Select the subjects for the sample based on convenience
and researchers’ judgment
Purposive sampling
- Select subjects based on certain criteria (e.g. choosing
those who are talkative so that they can provide
information in an interview)
Convenience sampling
- Select subjects who are readily available and easy to survey
Sample Size
Large
Error
Small
Small Large
Sample Size
Guidelines
Use a larger sample size if research involves comparison of
groups
Use a larger sample size if attrition is expected esp. for
longitudinal studies conducted over a long period.
Use a larger sample size if the population is heterogeneous on
the variables being studied. The more variables being studied,
the bigger should be the sample size to accommodate the
different characteristics of individuals
RULE OF THUMB:
Experimental study – at least 30 subjects in each
cell/subgroup
Survey
Pop. under 100 – no need to sample Edward, A.W (n.d.). Non-experimental Quantitative
Pop. 500 = 50 % sample Research.. Retrieved on Sept. 10 2006 from
http://kancrn.kckps.k12.ks.us/guide/nonexperimental.html
Pop. 1,500 = 20 % sample
.
Pop. 5,000 = under 10 % sample
(a) Using Sample Size Calculator
www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm
Determine Sample Size
Confidence Level: 95% 99%
Confidence Interval:
Population:
Calculate Clear
THANK YOU