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Unit 1B Typical Emb Sys
Unit 1B Typical Emb Sys
Unit 1B Typical Emb Sys
CHAPTER 1
THE TYPICAL EMBEDDED SYSTEM
INDEX
1. Core of embedded systems
• General purpose and domain specific processor.
• Microprocessors
• Microcontrollers.
• Digital signal processors
• Application Specific Integrated Circuits. (ASIC)
• Programmable logic devices(PLD’s)
• Commercial off-the-shelf components(COTs)
2. Memory
3. Sensors & Actuators
4. Communication Interface
5. Embedded Firmware
6. Other System Components
ELEMENTS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSYTEM.
FIRM-
MEMORY WARE
OTHER DEVICES
• Embedded hardware/software systems are basically designed to regulate a physical
variable or to manipulate the state of some devices by sending some signals to the
actuators or devices connected to the O/P port system, in response to the input
signal provided by the end users or sensors which are connected to the input ports.
• Hence the embedded systems can be viewed as a reactive system.
• Keyboards, push button, switches, etc. are example of common user interface input
devices.
• LED’s, liquid crystal displays, piezzo electrical buzzers, etc. are examples of common
user interface output devices for a typical embedded systems.
5
• Some embedded systems do not require any manual interventions for their
operations.
• The memory of the system is responsible for holding the control algorithm and
other important configuration details.
• Such controllers are called controllers with on-chip ROM, eg. Atmel AT89C51.
CORE OF THE EMBEDDED SYSTEM.
Embedded systems are domain and application specific and are built
around a central core.
The core of the embedded system falls into any of the following
categories.
CORE: -
1.General purpose and Domain Specific Processors
1.1. Microprocessors
1.2. Microcontrollers
1.3. Digital Signal Processors
2. Application Specific Integrated Circuits.(ASIC’s)
3. Programmable logic devices(PLD’s)
4. Commercial off-the-shelf components(COTs)
GENERAL PURPOSE AND DOMAIN SPECIFIC
PROCESSORS.
Targeted for high end market where Targeted for embedded market where
performance is important. performance is not important.
DSP are powerful special purpose 8/16/32 bit microprocessor designed to meet the
computational demands and power constraints of today’s embedded audio, video
and communication applications.
DSP are 2 to 3 times faster than general purpose microprocessors in signal
processing applications. This is because of the architectural difference the two.
DSPs implement algorithms in hardware which speeds up the execution whereas
general purpose processor implement the algorithm in software and the speed of
execution depends primarily on the clock for the processors.
DSP includes following key units:
1. Program memory:
2. Data memory:
3. Computational engine:
4. I/O unit:
5. Calculations
1. Program memory: It is a memory for storing the program required by DSP to
process the data.
2. Data memory: It is a working memory for storing temporary variables and
data/signal to be processed.
3. Computational engine: It performs the signal processing in accordance with the
stored program memory computational engine incorporated many specialized
arithmetic units and each of them operates simultaneously to increase the
execution speed. It also includes multiple hardware shifters for shifting operands
and saves execution time.
4. I/O unit: It acts as an interface between the outside world and DSP. It is
responsible for capturing signals to be processed and delivering the processed
signals. Examples: Audio video signal processing, telecommunication and
multimedia applications.
5. Calculations :- SOP(Sum of Products) calculation, convolution, FFT (Fast
Fourier Transform), DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform), etc are some of the
operation performed by DSP.
RISC V/S CISC
Since data memory and program Since data memory and program
memory are stored physically in memory are stored physically in the
different locations, no chances for same chip, chances for accidental
accidental corruption of program corruption of program memory.
memory.
BIG-ENDIAN V/S LITTLE-ENDIAN
PROCESSORS
2) Unlike a logic gate, which has a fixed function, a PLD has an undefined function
at the time of manufacture.
3) PLDs offer customers a wide range of logic capacity, features, speed, voltage
characteristics.
1. PLDs offer customer much more flexibility during the design cycle.
2. PLDs do not require long lead times for prototypes or production parts
because PLDs are already on a distributors shelf and ready for shipment.
3) The major advantage of using COTS is that they are readily available in
the market and a developer can cut down his/her development time to a
great extent
2) LED can be used as indicator for the status of various signals or situations.
4) For proper functioning of the LED the anode of it should be connected to +ve
terminal of the supply voltage and cathode to be -ve terminal of the supply
voltage
5) A resister is used in series between the power supply and LED to limit the current
throw the LED.
7-segment LED display
1) The 7 segment LED display is an output device for displaying alpha numeric
characters.
3) Out of 8 LED segments, 7 are used for displaying alpha numeric characters and 1 is
used for representing decimal point in decimal number display.
4) The LED segment are named A to G and the decimal point LED segments is named
as DP.
5) The LED segments A to G are should be lit accordingly to display numbers and
characters.
6) For e.g. for displaying number 4 the segments F,G,B and C are lit.
COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
1-Wire Interface
Parallel Interface
• Devices connected to the I2C bus can act as a ‘Master Device’ or ‘Slave
Device’.
• Master and Slave devices can act as either transmitter or receiver regardless
whether a Master is acting as transmitter or receiver.
3
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus
The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) is a
synchronous
bi-directional
full-duplex
four wire
serial interface bus.
It is possible to have a system where more then one SPI device can be master
, provided the condition only one master device is active at any given point
of time, is satisfied.
4
SPI requires four signal lines for
Communication
Master Out Slave In (MOSI): Signal line carrying the data from Master to Slave
device
It is also known as Slave input
Master In Slave Out (MISO): Signal line carrying the data from Slave to Master
device
It is also known as Slave output.
USB communication follows the star topology with a USB host at the center and
USB transmits data in packet format.
The USB host contain a controller which is responsible for controlling the data
communication including establishing connectivity with USB slave devices.
The physical communication between a USB peripheral device and master device
is established with a USB cable.
The USB cable supports communication distance of up to 5 meters.
The USB standards uses two different types of connector at the ends of the cable
for connecting the USB peripheral device and host device
TYPE A connector is used for upstream connection(connection with host)
TYPE B connector is used for downstream connection(connection with slave
device).
Star topology
Source: http://www.l-com.com/what-is-a-
usb-cable
Star topology
Source: http://www.l-com.com/what-is-a-usb-cable
Data Transfer Types
Control transfer is used by system software to query configure issue commands to
the USB device.
Bulk transfer is used for sending a block of data to a device.
Isochronous data transfer is used for real-time data communication
Interrupt is used for transferring small amount of data.
ⱡ Reset Circuit
ⱡ Brown – out protection circuit
ⱡ Oscillator unit
ⱡ Real time clock
ⱡ Watchdog Timer
ⱡ PCB and Passive components
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