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 SOI
 L loam.
sand to gravelly
 Ideal pH 6.5 to 7.0

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 CLIM
ATE
 ideal temperature 15-27 c.
0

 lower temperature 15-16˚C improves flower

quality .
 Ideal humidity 60-65 %..
 love sunshine and free ventilation.

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 VARIETIE
S
LONG STEM MEDIUM STEM Small flowered
ROSES ROSES roses
• Stem length: • Stem length: • Stem length:
50-120cm 50-70cm 30-70cm
• Yield: • Yield: • Yield:
100-150 220stems/m 250-350
stems/mtr.sq 2
/year stems/m2/yea
r/yr • Varieties: r
• Varieties: • Varieties:
Jaguar, golden
Vivaldi, first red, times, maronesse, Motrea,coronette,
grand gala, lambada, calypso,carona
confetti gabrella

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 PROPAGATION
 Roses commercially
propagated by budding(T-
budding and patch budding)

Budded root stock Layering

Grafting Chip budding 7

 BED

PREPARATION
Raised bed always preferred
 Bed size - length as per space availability x breath 1m x 45 cm height.
 During bed preparation soil should be sterilized with formaldehyde @o.3
%
and mixed with FYM.

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 In temperate zones green house cultivation of
roses require heating system to maintain the ideal
temperature(15.6˚C) inside.
A central heating system is more efficient than
localized unit heaters in large green houses.
Pipe coil heat distribution systems are used with
high pressure hot water boiler.

In warmer region summer cooling system is essential .

In temperate climate cooling is often required during
winter when days are bright.
 An evaporative cooling system known as fan pad
cooling is used .
It consists of pads on one wall,through which water is
circulated and exhaust fans on the opposite wall. Air
enters through the pads is 10-25 ˚C cooler than that of
out side if the humidity is low
It is one of the most important factor
influencing growth and flowering.
This may vary with intencity,duration,and
quality.
Under high light intensity in summer growers
cover the roof by shading material lowering light
intensity from 10000-12000 to 6000-8000.
To much shade also reduce the growth.
Less light resulted in delayed maturity of
buds.
In mild winter, 1% more light increased flower
yield by 0.6% in autumn and 0.8 % in spring.
A reduction of 12% light intensity resulted in
14% less flower yield in cultivar Sonia and
Illona.

There are many lamps that can be used for light supplement in green house.
Basically fall into 3 groups incandescent, fluorescent, and high intensity
discharge(high pressure mercury, metal halide, low pressure sodium and high
pressure sodium).
CO2 content of air is a limiting factor in photosynthesis.
Rose cultivar Better Times grown in a atmosphere containing 1200-2000 ppm
CO2 produced larger and grew more flowers than control plants.
 CO2 enriched plants of rose cv. Sonia yield 25% more marketable blooms
over the period from DEC-MAR. than non-enriched plants.
 Scientist Zeroni & Gale found that tolerance increased at high CO2.

Influence of humidity on production of rose in green house controlled at 70 ±5

RH by high pressure fogging system
In summer months there was significant increase in production both in number
and size.

An exchange of air is desirable for normal growth and development of roses.
It ensures an adequate supply of CO2 & oxygen for physiological processes
occurring in the plants and also reduces RH which may cause serious
diseases.
BEND I NG OF ROSE
Bending helps in maintaining enough leaf area on the plants. The maximum
leaf area is required to build up a strong root system. Leaves are important for
producing carbohydrates

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 DISBUDDIN
G
Disbudding is the practice of removing undesirable buds. It is
achieved by placing the bud between thumb and index.

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PINCHING AND REMOVAL OF ROOTSTOCK

Removal of part of terminal growing portion of stem is called pinching.

This operation reduce plant height but promotes auxiliary branching.
 Maturity of flower bud was also prevented by this practice.
Chemical pinching also done by using
BA,Promilin(BA+GA3),ethephon,alar etc in some cultivars like
sonia, marcedes.

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If the spent blooms are not removed in time, there is a chance of developing
fruits bearing seeds.
Once hips are formed and reach the advance stage of development, growth
and flowering are severely reduced during the season.
Cutting of faded flowers forced strong laterals which produce good quality
flowers.
 SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ROSE
 Support system makes - intercultural
operation easy & protects the buds from being
damaged, by not allowing the stems bend into
the path.

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 PRUNING
 Pruning is the judicious removal of plant parts to
induce production of quality flowers and to
maintain vigour of plant.
 Generally pruning is done only once in a year
after monsoons.
 All cuts are made at an angle of 450 about 5cm
above a strong eye.
 Method of pruning adopted varies with type of
rose.
 Pruning should be angled so that there should not
stagnation of moisture at the cut end.
 After every pruning cut ends must be treated with
Bordeaux paste solution.

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During the growing season the plant cells of a rose contain water. If a sudden
drop in temperature occurs, this water can freeze. The subsequent expansion
ruptures the cells, damaging or even killing them. On the other hand, if the rose
is allowed to go slowly into dormancy, the cell walls thicken and the water is
converted to a form that resists freezing.
Step to take in preparing roses for winter
 Don't fertilize after the end of August.
 Gradually reduce watering.
 Clean up dead leaves and debris from around the base of the roses.
 Apply a Dormant Oil spray to the canes and the soil surface( if your roses
had serious insect problems during the summer)
 Avoid dehydration.
 Don't do any serious pruning.
 WATER MANAGEMENT INSIDE
 Twogreenhouse
systems mainly followed 1.nozzles(mist) 2.Drip irrigation.
 Sprinkler irrigation is not often used as it causes foliar diseases.

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 Greenhouse cultivation requires precise amount
of fertilizer.
 Organic mixtures @15 k.g./m2 added to soil at
time of bed preparation.
 Before planting a basal application of fertilizer
@2 kg SSP,1kg CAN,1/2 kg MOP incorporated
to soil.
 Nitrogen and Potash are applied through
fertigation.

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 WEED MANAGEMENT
 Weed may be controlled manually , mechanically
or chemically.
 Both organic and plastic mulches are used.
However white plastic mulches are effective
now-
a-days.

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 HARVESTING

Application of bud caps before Cut stages of roses

harvesting for domestic and
export

Harvesting with secateurs Different types of secateurs for

harvest 23
 POST HARVEST HANDLING

Freshly harvested cut roses Grading of roses

Bunching of graded roses Packing of bunched roses 24

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