CENTRAL TENDENCY: Mean, Median,

Mode

Prepared By

Sania Khawar Kiani

Lecturer
The Statistic and The Parameter
A Statistic:
It is a descriptive measure computed from the data of a sample.
A Parameter:
It is a a descriptive measure computed from the data of a
population.
Since it is difficult to measure a parameter from the
population, a sample is drawn of size n, whose values are
 1 ,  2 , …,  n. From this data, we measure the statistic.
New Statistical Notation
Σ: sigma (Greek letter)
The symbol Σ means to sum (add) the scores
Central Tendency
What Is Central Tendency?
A score that indicates where the center of the distribution
tends to be located.

Tells us about the shape and nature of the distribution.

Measures of Central Tendency

Mode

Median

Mean
The Mode
The most frequently occurring score.
Typically useful in describing central tendency when the
scores reflect a nominal scale of measurement.
It is the value which occurs most frequently.
If all values are different there is no mode.
Sometimes, there are more than one mode.
Example:
For the same random sample, the value 28 is repeated two
times, so it is the mode.

Properties of the Mode:

 Sometimes, it is not unique.
 It may be used for describing qualitative data.
Mode of Group Data
1
M 0  L1  h
1   2
L1 = Lower boundary of modal class
Δ1 = difference of frequency between
modal class and class before it
Δ2 = difference of frequency between
modal class and class after
H = class interval
Steps of Finding Mode
Find the modal class which has highest frequency
L0 = Lower class boundary of modal class
h = Interval of modal class
Δ1 = difference of frequency of modal
class and class before modal class
Δ2 = difference of frequency of modal class and
class after modal class