DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES ON THE

ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 Describe the universe before the hypotheses about its

origin emerged.
 Enumerate the different hypotheses on the origin of
the universe.

 Describe each hypothesis on the origin of the

universe.
 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

 Approximately 14 billion years

ago, nothing existed.

 Black void of space

 All matter and energy

compressed in a space
about the point of a
needle
 DIFFERENT THEORIES

 Creationism  Oscillating
Universe
 Big Bang  Plasma
Theory Universe

 Steady State  Eternal

Universe Inflation
CREATIONISM

 Biblical Theory

 The universe was created by a “Supreme Being”

 Genesis 1:1 “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the
Earth.
 BIG BANG THEORY
 George Lemaitre, 1920s

 Random fluctuation of a subatomic

particle that exploded

 Created the universe with an

imaginably huge size
 STEADY-STATE THEORY
 Fred Hoyle, 1940s

 Universe is not only uniform in

space but is also unchanging in
time.

 Density of matter is constant over

time; matter continuously and
spontaneously created.
 ETERNAL INFLATION
 Happened after Big Bang

 Rapid expansion of the universe

called inflation.

 Has been going on and never

stopped expanding.
 OSCILLATING UNIVERSE

 Cyclic model

 An endless occurrences of
explosions or Big Bang

 Followed by contraction (big

crunches) of the universe to
repeat the cycle.
 PLASMA UNIVERSE
 Hannes Alfven

 99% of the universe is made up of

plasma

 Big bang never happened; universe

is a crisscross of electric current
and magnetic field.
SUMMARY
DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES ON THE
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES:
 Describe the solar system before the hypotheses of its
origin emerged.
 Describe the two types of hypotheses about the origin of
the solar system.
 Enumerate and describe the specific hypotheses under
general type of hypothesis.
 Illustrate the specific hypotheses under general type of
hypothesis.
 ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
• Approximately 4.6 billion years ago.
TWO GENERAL
HYPOTHESIS:

1.Catastrophic or unnatural
events
2.Natural and continuous
process
 CATASTROPHIC/ UNNATURAL
EVENTS
RANDOM CAPTURE
HYPOTHESIS
• The sun’s gravity “captures” flying or nearby planets
that were formed independently.

• These planes would later be differentiated to become

the present-day planets.
PROBLEMS

It happens rarely

It cannot explain how asteroids, comets and

other objects were formed.
FISSION THEORY

Planets and other objects in

the solar system are product
of the sun’s explosion.

Moons or satellites came

from the planets
PROBLEMS

Failed to explain the

arrangement of planets and
other objects

The rocks and materials of

the planets and their moons
are also different in
composition and structure.
 COLLISION THEORY

Planets, stars and other

objects collided

The products of the

collision are now the
planets and other objects
in the solar system.
PROBLEMS

 Rare occurrence

 Stars are made up of gases and when collision

happens, it will expand

 Failed to explain many characteristics of the solar

system.
 ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
 When a star passes close to the sun,
several materials from that star and
the sun were removed.

 Lumps were formed and became

planets
-less dense materials  inner
planets
-more dense materials  outer
planets
PROBLEMS

 Rare occurrence

 Stars are made up of gases and when this happens, the

gases will expand, and not contract to form lumps.
 NATURAL AND CONTINUOUS
PROCESSES
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
• NEBULA- a large cloud of
dirt and gasses
• The nebula collapsed due to
gravitational force of the
nebula and the pressure
exerted by the gasses.
• As it collapsed, the nebula
rotated and flattened at the
poles
Particles and gases accreted to
formed protoplanets
These protoplanets became the
precursors to the present-day
planets.
Explains why planets revolve
around the sun in the same manner
 EVIDENCES OF THE NEBULAR
HYPOTHESIS
1. All planets and most of its satellites revolve around the sun
in the same direction. This supports the idea of a rotating
disc as an origin of solar system.

2. The outer planets are more dense and have hydrogen,

unlike inner planets that are less dense and have more
helium. Outer planets are also more massive.
 SOLAR NEBULAR DISC MODEL
Stars are formed after giant
molecular clouds which resulted
to the coalesce of clumps

Planets were then formed

as a product of star formation.
 PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS

Infused most of the tenets of

the protoplanet hypothesis.

Supported by modern
knowledge about fluid
dynamics, chemistry and
astronomy.
ACTIVITY
4 PICS 1 WORD
_ _M_ _R_ _ _R_
T E M PE RAT U R E
_ A_E R
WAT E R
A_M_ _P_ E_ _
AT M O S PH E R
E
_ N_R_Y
ENERGY
N_T_ _E_ _ S
NUTRIENTS
RECOGNIZING THE UNIQUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
EARTH
OBJECTIVES

Describe why the Earth is unique

Enumerate and describe the unique

characteristics of the Earth
 SOLAR SYSTEM
Composed of several planets,
asteroids,
comets, satellites and
the sun

EARTH: the only planet

where life exists.
 ATMOSPHERE

Unique in composition and

structure

Conducive for life existence

With oxygen and carbon

 ATMOSPHERE

Ozone layer
-protects the Earth from the
UV radiation from the sun.

Protects the Earth from

meteoroids and asteroids.
 WATER

Allows life to exist

Water is renewable and it

flows in a natural cycle.
 LOCATION IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
Located in the habitable
zone

The distance of the planet

from the sun can define its
physical characteristics
 LOCATION IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
Earth is not too close to the
sun.

Earth is not too far from the

sun.
 MAGNETISM

Magnetic field provides

protection against solar winds/

Solar winds can break the

ozone layer
 LIFE FORMS
Earth is the only place where
life forms exist

Six different types: bacteria,

archaea, fungi, protists, plants
and animals.
THE FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH
GEOSPHERE
OBJECTIVES

Introduce the four subsystems of the

Earth
Discuss and describe the geosphere
Enumerate and describe the layers of
geosphere
Describe the soil part of the geosphere
 GEOSPHERE
Solid portion of the Earth
INCLUDES:
-Landforms
-Landmasses
-plates
-Rocks and minerals
-layers
 LANDFORMS
 Mountains
 Volcanoes
 Islands and archipelagos
 Canyons
 Peninsula
 Hills
 Plateaus
 Valleys
 plains
 LANDMASSES
 Earth is composed of several
landmasses called CONTINENTS

 CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

by ALFRED WEGENER
-super continent PANGAEA,
surrounded by an ocean called
PANTHALASSA
-two supercontinents: LAURASIA
and GONDWANALAND
PRESENT-DAY CONTINENTS:

 Asia
 Australia
 Africa
 North America
 South America
 Europe
 Antarctica
 PLATES

Earth’s surface is composed

of plates
Plates move due to plate
tectonics
Plates interact with each
other
 PLATES

Major Plates:
North American
South American
Euroasian
African
Atarctica
Pacific
 PLATES

Minor Plates:
Philippine Sea Plate
Nazca Plate
 COLLISIO
SLIP N

SPREADIN SUBDUCTION
G
 ROCKS AND MINERALS

Rocks are solid aggregates of

minerals

TYPES OF ROCKS
-Igneous
-sedimentary
-metamorphic
 ROCKS AND MINERALS

Minerals are naturally

occurring substances
formed in the Earth.

Examples: Gold, quartz

and diamond
 LAYERS

LAYERS OF THE
EARTH
Crust

Mantle

core
SOIL

Topmost layer of the crust

Has organic matter, living organisms, rocks and

minerals

Important medium for life existence,

biogeochemical cycles and natural phenomena.