Bio-Mass Gasification

15EEE359- RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

ASHWINKUMAR V CB.EN.U4EEE17010
KARTHIKEYAN G CB.EN.U4EEE17025
KAVINKUMAR M CB.EN.U4EEE17027
RAKSHANA S CB.EN.U4EEE17045
• Why Bio-mass?
• What is a Bio-mass gasifier?
• What are the types?
• What are the advantages of gasifiers over combustion?
• Are these gasifiers installed in India?
NEED FOR BIO-MASS:
• Reducing the Greenhouse gas emissions.
• Wider availability of raw materials
• Less expensive
• Less garbage in landfills

BIO-MASS GASIFICATION:

Biomass gasification is a process of converting solid biomass fuel into a gaseous combustible gas( i.e.
producer gas) through a sequence of thermo-chemical reactions.
Types of biomass gasifiers:

Fixed bed gasifiers

• Updraft gasifier
• Downdraft gasifier
• Crossdraft gasifier
• Twin fire gasifier

Fluidized bed gasifier

• Bubbling fluidized bed gasifier
• Circulating fluidized bed gasifier
• Dual fluidized bed gasifier

Other types
• Entrained flow gasifier
• Plasma gasifier
Updraft fixed bed gasifier:

 In the updraft gasifier the air is provided on the bottom. The syngas leaves the gasifier at its top.
  Near the grate at the bottom the combustion reactions occur, which are followed by reduction reactions somewhat higher up in
the gasifier.
 In the upper part of the gasifier, heating and pyrolysis of the feedstock occur as a result of heat transfer by forced convection
and radiation from the lower zones.
 The tars and volatiles produced during this process will be carried in the gas stream.
 Ashes are removed from the bottom of the gasifier.
Downdraft gasifier:

 Downdraft gasification  will also convert the fuel of the process to syngas.
 The feed for the process of gasification can be many things, such as coal, pelletized material, wood chips, etc.
 The main difference between downdraft and updraft gasification is that the air and the fuel flow in the same direction for
downdraft; the syngas from this process will tend to have lower tar content than updraft gasification.
 However the design for the reactor tends to be extensive, and small particle size feeds are not converted well.
Crossdraft gasifier:

 Cross-draught gasifiers are an adaptation for the use of charcoal.

 Charcoal gasification results in very high temperatures (1500 °C and higher) in the oxidation zone which can lead to
material problems.
 In cross draught gasifiers insulation against these high temperatures is provided by the fuel (charcoal) itself.
Twin fire gasifier:

 The advantage of co-current and counter-current gasifiers are combined in a so a called twin-fire gasifier.
It consists of two defined reaction zones.
i)Drying, low-temperature carbonisation cracking of gases occur in the upper zone
ii)Permanent gasification of charcoal takes in lower zone.
 The gas temperature lies between 460 to 520 o C.
 Total process takes place with under pressure of -30 mbar.
 Twin-fire gasifier produces fairly clean gas.
Fluidized bed gasifier

 Air is blown through a bed of solid particles at a sufficient velocity to keep these in a state of suspension.
 The bed is originally externally heated and the feedstock is introduced as soon as a sufficiently high temperature is
reached.
 The fuel particles are introduced at the bottom of the reactor, very quickly mixed with the bed material and almost
instantaneously heated up to the bed temperature. 
  As a result of this treatment the fuel is pyrolysed very fast, resulting in a component mix with a relatively large amount
of gaseous materials.
 Most systems are equipped with an internal cyclone in order to minimize char blow-out as much as possible.
Entrained flow gasifier

In entrained-flow gasifiers, fine coal feed and the oxidant (air or oxygen) and steam are fed co-currently to the gasifier.
 This results in the oxidant and steam surrounding or entraining the coal particles as they flow through the gasifier in a dense
cloud.
 Entrained-flow gasifiers operate at high temperature and pressure
 The tar, oil, phenols, and other liquids produced from devolatization of coal inside the gasifier are decomposed into hydrogen
(H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and small amounts of light hydrocarbon gases.
 Entrained-flow gasifiers have the ability to handle practically any coal feedstock and produce a clean, tar-free syngas.
Plasma gasifier

 Plasma gasification or plasma-assisted gasification can be used to convert carbon-containing materials to synthesis gas to
generate power and other useful products, such as transportation fuels.
  Inside the gasifier, the hot gases from the plasma torch or arc contact the feedstock, such as municipal solid waste, auto
shredder wastes, medical waste, biomass or hazardous waste, heating it to more than 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
ADVANTAGES OF BIO-MASS GASIFIER:
• Reducing Co2 emissions
• Avoids depletion of fossils
• Waste recycling
• Easy management of raw materials

DISADVANTAGES OF BIO-MASS GASIFIER:

• Environmental changes
• Space required for storing Bio-mass
• Efficiency when compared to Combustion of fossil fuels.
 Bio-mass power plants in India
• Generation varies from 1KW to 1.5 MW
• Total capacity of 2 MW & Bio-methanation of 4 MW are under progress
by TANGEDCO.,

Location Capacity Installed by

BMC, Tirunelveli 1.5 MW ARRYA

Arashi Hi-Tech, Palladam 1MW ENERGREEN

Odanthurai, Nellithuraj 9KW TANGEDCO

Kadachanallur 40KW TANGEDCO