DIMENSION OF

DEVELOPMENT:
HEALTH AWARENESS
COMMUNICAB
LE DISEASE 
DENGUE 
• Hawker et al. (2007) mention in their book that dengue fever
is a febrile disease caused by one of four closely related virus
serotypes of the genus Flavivirus , family Flaviviridae. Each
serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-
protection, and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes
(hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to
humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that are found in
the tropics. They tend to bite just after dawn and just before
sunset. However, it has been observed that they can bite and
spread infection at any time of day. Incubation period is from
3 to 15 days. 
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS • Dengue is manifested by a sudden onset of
OF high fever with severe headache and
muscle and joint pains, myalgia, and
DENGUE  arthralgia . It also called breakbone fever or
bonecrusher disease. The patient may
develop dengue rashes that
are characteristically bright red
petechiae. This usually appear first on the
lower limbs and chest and spread to cover
most of the body. The patient may suffer
from gastritis, abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting or diarrhea.
PREVENTIO
• The best way of prevention is to avoid
N OF being bitten by mosquitoes. Take note the
following tips:
DENGUE 1. Use mosquito Nets and insect repellent
2. Put screens on doors and windows
3. Refrain from going outdoors during the
time of the day when mosquitoes are
most active.
4. Remove stagnant water. cover water
containers and change water in flower
vase frequently.
 • Malaria is a vector borne infectious disease that is
widespread in tropical and subtropical regions,
MALARIA including the Philippines. it is "commonly
associated with poverty but is also an effect of
poverty and a major hindrance to economic
development" (Engelkirk,2007).
• Malaria according to Engelkirk (2007) in Burton's
microbiology for the Health Sciences is one of the
most infectious disease and enormous public
health problems. it is caused by protozoa parasites
of the genus plasmodium. the most serious form
of the disease are caused by plasmodium
falciparum and plasmodium vivax, but other
related species can also infect humans. this group
of human pathogenic plasmodium species is
usually referred to as malaria parasites ( Halker et
al. 2007).
Signs and
symptoms of • Anemia
malaria • High fever
• Chills
• Nausea
• Headache
• Diarrhea
• and in severe cases coma and death.
Prevention of
malaria
• malaria can be prevented by avoiding
mosquito bites through the use of
mosquito Nets and insect
repellent, spraying insecticides, and
draining standing water where mosquitoes
lay their eggs. 
CHOLERA • Cholera is an acute intestinal infection
caused by ingestion of food or water
contaminated with the bacterium vibrio
cholerae. it has a short incubation period
lasting from less than one day to five days.
it also produces an enterotoxin that causes
copious, painless, and watery diarrhea that
can quickly lead to severe dehydration and
death if treatment is not promptly given.
Vomiting also occurs in most patients.
( Hawker et al., 2007). 
 Diarrhea
Nausea
Signs and
symptoms Vomiting
of cholera
Fever
muscle clumps
 Follow these precautions to reduce the risk of
contracting cholera:
1. Wash hands with soap and water
frequently and thoroughly.

Prevention of 2.
3.
Drink safe water only.
Eat food that is completely cooked
cholera 4. Avoid raw food street food and any food
from suspicious sources.
5. Observe proper hygiene and sanitation at
all times
 Avian influenza is an infection caused by
an avian influenza a virus is found chiefly in
birds, but infections can occur in human. The
risk is generally low to most people because
Avian influenz the viruses do not usually infect
humans. However, confirmed cases of human
a ( bird flu) infection have been reported since 1997. Most
cases of avian influenza infection in humans
could have resulted from direct contact with
infected poultry or contaminated surfaces.
H5N1 is a particularly deadly strain of bird flu
that can infect humans and other mammals.
 • Fever
• Cough

Signs and • sore throat

• muscle aches
symptoms of • nausea 
• Vomiting
avian • Pneumonia
influenza • Diarrhea
• and other severe and life threatening
complications, depending on which virus has
caused the infection.
 consider this precautionary measures to prevent
infection:
1. Wash hands or use alcohol-based hand
Prevention of 2.
sanitizer to avoid infection of all kinds
Stay away from farm and live animal markets
avian 3. Cover mouth and nose when coughing or
sneezing
influenza 4. Cook chicken thoroughly. Do not eat raw eggs
5. Avoid cross contamination. Do not use the
same utensils from both raw meat and other
kinds of food
 • H1N1 is a flu virus that is also known as the swine
flu. Scientists called the H1N1 virus a "quadruple
reassortant" virus because it contains 2 genes
found in flu viruses which circulate among pigs and
two genes found in flu viruses which circulate
among birds. The H1N1 virus is passed from person
to person just like other flu strains. But not by
H1N1 eating pork. 
• H1N1 is a subtype of the influenza a virus and is the
most common form that infects people. Certain
strains of H1N1 are endemic in the human
population and cause periodic flu outbreaks. It was
an H1N1 flu virus that was responsible for the 1918
flu pandemic which killed 50 to 100 million people
at the end of World War One and into 1999
 • Symptoms of swine flu to humans are similar
to those of ordinary flu:
• Fever
• Cough
Signs and • Sore throat

symptoms of • Runny or stuffy nose

• Body aches
swine flu • Headache
• Chills
• Some people may experience diarrhea and
vomiting
 The best way to avoid influenza infections is
through vaccinations. Almost all vaccines have side effects.
They are as follows
1. Flu shot: Soreness, redness, minor swelling at the shot
site, muscle aches, low grade fever, and nausea. These
do not usually last for more than 24 hours.

Prevention of 2. Nasal spray: runny nose, low grade fever,

vomiting, headache, wheezing, cough, and sore throat

H1N1 The nasal spray vaccine contain live virus that has been
altered to hinder its ability to replicate in human tissue.
People with a suppressed immune system should not get
vaccinated with the nasal spray. Also, most vaccines that
contain flu viral particles are cultivated in eggs, so
individuals with an allergy to eggs should not get the
vaccine unless tested an improvised by their doctor that
they are cleared to obtain it. 
 Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is an acute illness
most often caused by the salmonella typhi bacteria or
the salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually
leads to a less severe infection. The bacteria are deposited
in the water or food by a human carrier and are then spread
to other people in the area (Hawker et al, 2007)

Typhoid fever Typhoid is common worldwide and has received various

names such as gastric fever, abdominal typhus, infantile
remittent fever, slow fever, nervous
fever, or phytogenic fever. The name typhoid means
"resembling typhus" it comes from the neuropsychiatric
symptoms common to typhoid and typhus. Despite this
similarity of their names, typhoid fever and typhus are
distinct disease and are caused by different species of
bacteria.
 People with typhoid fever usually have a
sustained high fever. Chest congestion
Signs and develops in many patients, and abdominal
pain and discomfort are common. the fever

symptoms of
becomes constant. Other symptoms include
poor appetite, headache, body aches, and
lethargy. Improvement occurs in the 3rd and
typhoid 4th week for those who do not experience
complications. About 10% of patients have

fever recurrent symptoms(relapse) after feeling

better for one to two weeks. Relapses are
actually more common in individuals treated
with antibiotics.
 • Typhoid fever can be prevented by drinking safe
water only, improving sanitation, and eating well

Prevention cooked food while it is still hot. Washing their

hands often and keeping the surroundings clean
will help stop the spread of infection.

and • Two vaccines, one injected and the other given

orally, are available. These are recommended

treatment of especially to people in high-risk areas. Typhoid

fever is treated with antibiotics that kill the
salmonella bacteria. Prior to use the antibiotics, the

typhoid fatality rate was 20%. death occurred from

overwhelming infection, pneumonia, and intestinal
bleeding, or intestinal perforation. With antibiotics

fever and supportive care, mortality has been reduced to

1 to 2 Percent. With appropriate antibiotic therapy,
mother is usually improvement within one to two
days and recovery within 7 to 10 days. 
Non- communicable
disease
 • Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by
the circulating blood on the walls of blood
vessels it is one of the body's vital signs.
• The pressure of the circulating blood
Hypertension decrease as blood moves through arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, and veins. Blood
pressure generally refers to arterial pressure,
I.e., the pressure in the larger arteries, the
arteries being the blood vessels which take
blood away from the heart.
• Blood pressure consists of two numbers: a systolic pressure( when the heart
beats) and the diastolic pressure( when the heart relaxes). The systolic
pressure is the number above the diastolic pressure.

1. Normal blood pressure

Blood pressure reading 120/80 or lower is considered normal.
2. High blood pressure 
Blood pressure reading 140/90 or higher is considered high. If one
or both, numbers are usually high you have high blood pressure or
hypertension.
3. Low blood pressure
Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypertension. 
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE STAGE
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (mmHg) DIASTOLIC PRESSURE (mmHg) STAGES OF HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE 

210 120 Stage 4 

180 110 Stage 3

160 100 Stage 2

140 90 Stage 1
NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE
RANGE 
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (mmHg) DIASTOLIC PRESSURE (mmHg) PRESSURE RANGE

130 85 HIGH NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE 

120 80 NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE 

110 75 LOW NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE 

LOW BLOOD PRESSURE RANGE
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (mmHg) DIASTOLIC PRESSURE (mmHg) PRESSURE RANGE 

90 60 BORDERLINE LOW BLOOD PRESSURE 

60  40 NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE 

50 33 DANGEROUSLY LOW BLOOD

PRESSURE 

For most people who are suffering from hypertension, there is no obvious cause why their blood pressure is
high. This condition is called essential hypertension and it is especially important that their blood pressure is
kept under control. 
 • Changing your diet and lifestyle can do much
PREVENTION 1.
in managing blood pressure.
Quit smoking 
OF 2. Limit the intake of alcoholic beverage 
HYPERTENSI 3. Lose weight if you are overweight .

ON 4. Exercise and eat well-balanced, nutritious

meals that are low in fat, salt, and
cholesterol but high in fiber. 
Signs and • General signs of high blood pressure include
headache, dizziness, pounding in ears, and
symptoms of nosebleed. These symptoms typically do not
occur until high blood pressure has reached

Hypertension
an advanced and even a possibly life-
threatening stage. 
 • High blood pressure increases the risk of
coronary artery disease, also called
atherosclerosis. High blood pressure puts
added force against the artery wall. Over
time, this extra pressure can damage the

Cardiovascular
arteries. These injured arteries tend to
become narrow and hardened by fatty

Disease 
deposits. They block the flow of blood to the
heart and cannot deliver enough oxygen to
the other parts of the body.
Other causes of cardiovascular disease are as follows:
• Smoking – Cigarette smokers are at a greater risk than pipe and cigar smokers, but all
forms of tobacco are proven to be detrimental to the heart's health.
• Diabetes
• Overweight- Person who have an excess body fat are at a higher risk than persons of
normal weight.
• Diet high in saturated fat and salt
• Family history- Children of parents who developed heart disease before the age of
55 have a higher risk of developing heart disease. 
• Lack of exercise 
• Age – Risk of heart disease increases over the of 45 in males and over 55 in females. 
• Too much drinking- People who take two alcoholic drinks per day are at risk.
• High blood pressure 
• Having high cholesterol level.
 • A heart attack causes permanent damage to the
heart muscle due blood flow of the heart.

• Some heart attack are sudden and intense;

however, most heart attack start slowly with mild

Heart attack  pain and discomfort. Generally, heart attacks

involve discomfort in the center of the chest that
lasts more than a few minutes or that goes away
and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable
pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. Shortness
of breath may occur, as well as nausea or
Lightheadedness. It is vital to get help
immediately if any of these symptoms occurs.
 • the brain requires unobstructed blood flow to
function. Very high, sustained blood pressure will
eventually cause blood vessels to weaken.
Overtime, this weekend vessels could break, and
blood could leak into the brain. The area of the
brain that is being fed by these broken vessels
start to die, and this will cause a stroke. In

Stroke addition, if a clot blocks and narrowed artery,

blood ceases to flow and a stroke will occur.

• Some symptoms of stroke include sudden

numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg,
especially on the one side the body, confusion,
trouble in speaking, or vision and sudden severe
headache. 
 • Here are some tips on how to keep your
heart healthy: 
1. Quit smoking

Prevention of
2. control diabetes, blood pressure, and
cholesterol level.

cardiovascular 3.
4.
Exercise regularly.
Eat a diet that is rich in fiber and low in
diseases salt and saturated fat.
5. Maintain a healthy weight.
6. Manage stress.
 • Diabetes, also referred to as diabetes millitus, describe a
group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high
blood glucose or blood sugar, either because insulin
production is inadequate, or the sales in his/ her body do
not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with
high blood sugar will typically experience frequent

Diabetes
urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydispia), an
increased appetite (polyphagia).

• Diabetes is classed as a metal policing disorder.

Metabolism refers to the way body uses digested food for
energy and growth. Most of what is eaten is broken down
into glucose. Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood. It is
the principal source of fuel for the body.
• When food is digested, look this makes its way into the bloodstream. The cells
use glucose for energy and growth. However, glucose cannot enter the cells
without insulin. Insulin makes it possible for the cells to take in the glucose.
• Insulin is a hormone that is produced with the pancreas. After eating, the
pancreas automatically releases an adequate quantity of insulin to move the
glucose present in the blood into the cells. As soon as glucose enters the cells,
blood glucose levels drop.
• In a person with diabetes, the quantity of glucose in the blood is too elevated
(hyperglycemia) because the body does not produce enough insulin, produces
no insulin, or has cells that do not respond properly so the insulin that the
pancreas produces. This results in too much glucose building up in the blood.
This excess blood glucose eventually passes out of the body through the urine.
So, even though the blood has plenty of glucose, the cells are not getting it for
their essential energy and growth.
The types of diabetes
 • The body does not produce insulin. This type is
also referred to as insulin dependent diabetes,
juvenile diabetes, or early onset diabetes. People
usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40th
year, often in early adulthood or teenager years.
Type 1 • Type 1 diabetes is nowhere near as common as
type 2 diabetes. Approximately 10% of all
diabetes diabetes cases are type 1.
• patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take
insulin injections for the rest of their life. They
must also ensure proper blood glucose levels
by carrying out regular blood tests and following
a special diet.
 • The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or
the cells in the body do not react properly to insulin (insulin
resistance). Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide
are of this type.
• Some people may be able to control their type 2 diabetes by

Type 2 losing weight, following a healthy diet, doing plenty of exercise,

at monitoring their blood glucose levels. However, type 2
diabetes is typically a progressive disease. It gradually gets worse

diabetes and the patient will probably end up having to take insulin,
usually in tablet form.
• Overweight and obese people have a much higher risk in
developing type 2 diabetes compared to those with a healthy
body weight. People with a high level of visceral fat also known as
central obesity, belly fat, or abdominal obesity, are essentially at
risk being overweight or obese causes the body to release
chemicals that can states tabby lies the body's cardiovascular and
metabolic system.
 • Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by
out-of-control cell growth. There are over
100 different types of cancer, and each is
classified by the type of cell that is initially
affected.
• Cancer harms the body when damaged cells
Cancer divide uncontrollably perform lumps or
masses of tissue called tumors. Tumor can
grow and interfere with the digestive,
nervous, and circulatory systems and they
can release hormones that alter body
functions. Tumor that stay in one spot and
demonstrate limited growth are generally
considered to be benign.
More dangerous or malignant tumors formed
when two things occur:
1. A cancerous cell manages to move
throughout the body using a blood or
lump systems, destroying healthy tissue in
a process called invasion.
2. A cancerous cell manages to divide and
grow, making new blood vessels to feed
itself in a process called angiogenesis.
 There are five broad groups of concern namely;
1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover
internal and external parts of the body such as lung,
breast, and colon.
2. Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in

Classification the bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle, and

other supportive tissues.

of Cancer 3. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes

and immune system tissues
4. leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow
and often accumulate in the bloodstream.
5. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid,
pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and other glandular
tissues.
 • Cancer symptoms are quite varied and depends
on where the cancer is located, where it has
spread, and how big the tumor is. Some cancers
can be felt or seen through the skin. For

Signs and
instance, a lump the breast or testicle can be an
indicator of cancer in those locations. skin
cancers (Melanoma) is often marked by a change
symptoms of in a wart or mole on the skin. Some oral cancers
present white patches inside the mouth or white

cancer spots on the tongue

• Pancreas cancers are usually too small to
produce symptoms until they induce pain by
pushing against nearby nerves or interfere with
liver function to bring about a yellowing of the
skin and is called jaundice.
When cancers spreads or metastasizes, additional symptoms
can be noted in the newly affected area. Swollen or enlarged
lymph nodes are common and likely. When cancer spreads to
the brain, patients may experience Vertigo, headaches, or
seizures. In the lungs cancer may cause coughing and
shortness of breath. The liver maybe come enlarge and cause
jaundice; bones become painful and brittle or break easily.
 The following are essential measures to help
prevent cancer:
1. Quit smoking and drinking to significantly
lower the risk of several types of cancer, most
notably in the lung, mouth, and liver. The

Prevention of 2.
earlier you quit the better.
Stay in the shade and protect yourself with a

cancer hat, shirt, and sunscreen went under the sun

to prevent skin cancer.
3. Diet is an important part of cancer prevention
since what we eat has been linked to
disease. hello recommended diets that are
low in fat and rich in fresh fruits and
vegetables and whole grains.
A systematic screening will help detect small irregularities or
tumors as early as possible even when there are no clear
symptoms yet. breast self-examination,
mammograms, testicular self-examination, and Pap smears
are common screening methods for various cancers.
 CONCLUSION
•  a person can only take proper precautions regarding
communicable and non-communicable diseases if he or she is
aware about them.
• His or her familiarity with the said deceases will enable him or
her to adopt certain lifestyle modifications, like avoidance of
alcoholic beverages, to avoid diseases and stay healthy as he or
she performs his or her various function in life.
• Health is wealth and a person's good health is crucial to his or her
being a successful person who has the opportunity to maximize
his or her potentials in order to achieve all his or her life goals.