Course : Introduction to Programming

Effective Period : September 2018

Introduction to Algorithm
Session 01
 Learning Objectives
At the end of this meeting is expected that students will
be able to explain how does the algorithm work

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 Outline
• Definition of Algorithm
• Programming Language
• Algorithm Expression
• Pseudocode
• Flowchart
• NS Diagram
 Algorithm Definition
• What is an algorithm?
A set of detailed, unambiguous and ordered
instructions developed to describe the progress
necessary to produce the desired output from a given
input

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 The Usage of Algorithm
• A specific algorithm is built for a specific needs
 Algorithm Example
• Sorting: this algorithm is used to arrange of string or
number according to the order priority
(ascending/descending)
– Input : a set of positive numbers. Ex : 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
– Output : a set of arranged numbers. Ex : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(Descending)
• Example of problems which solved using an Algorithm.
– Finding a nearby driver (Grab, Go-jek, Uber)
– Search Engines (Yahoo, Google, etc)
– Face tracking and recognition (Facebook photo
uploader)

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 Characteristics of Algorithm
An algorithm should have the following five characteristics :
• Input
• Output
• Definiteness
• Finiteness
• Effectiveness

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 Programming Language
• Creation of program that is executable by a computer and
performs the required tasks
• The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn
and program
• The following well-known high-level languages:
– COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
– FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
– Pascal
– C
– C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
– Java

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 Expressing an Algorithm
Expressing an Algorithm can be expressed using a
method below :

– Pseudocode
– Flowchart
– NS Diagram

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 Psedocode
Pseudocode (pronounced SOO-doh-kohd) is a detailed yet
readable description of what a computer program or
algorithm must do, expressed in a formally-styled natural
language rather than in a programming language

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 Some Keywords That Should be
Used
• Input
Read, Get, Input, Baca, or Key-In
• Output
Print, Write, Put, Output, or Display
• Looping
DOWHILE and ENDDO, REPEAT and UNTIL, WHILE
• Selection
IF and ENDIF, CASE and ENDCASE
• Compute
Compute, Calculate, Add, Sum, Multiply, Increment
• Initialize or Store Value to An Identifier
Set, Initialize, Store, Save, =

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 Pseudocode
Example of Pseudocode to determine odd-even number
BEGIN
Number = Input
Number
Result = Number % 2
IF Result = 0
THEN Print “The
number is even
number”
ELSE
THEN Print “The
number is odd
number”
END

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 Flowchart
• Schematic representation of process or algorithm.
• Schematic is a illustration of system in simplified or
symbolic form.

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 Flowchart Symbols

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 Flowchart
Example of determining odd-even number
Start

Input Number

Number % 2
1 0
Print “Odd Print “Even
Number” Number”

END
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 NS Diagram
• NS Diagram is a graphical illustration of structured
progamming design.
• Its method is by drawing a table for illustrating an
algorithm.
• Founded in 1972 by Isaac Nassi & Ben Shneiderman.
• Known as structograms.

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 NS Diagram

Process

• Process notation :

Condition False
True
• Selection notation:

• Loop notation :
Unfulfilled
– WHILE Condition Process

– DO-WHILE Process
Unfulfilled
Condition
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 NS Diagram
Example of NS Diagram to determine odd-even numbers

Insert number

Number %Equal
2 to 1
Equal to 0

Print “Even Print “Odd

Number” Number”

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 Exercise
1. From the following pseudocode example of grade
average calculation, create the flowchart and NS
Diagram
BEGIN
Set total to zero
Set grade_counter to one

While grade_counter is less than or equal to ten

Input the next grade
Add the grade into the total
Set the class_average to the total divided by ten

Print the class_average

END

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 Exercise
2. Using the Pseudo-code and flowchart, create:
• an algorithm to calculate a triangle area!
• an algorithm to change second into hour and minute
unit!
• an algorithm to accept three numbers and find max,
min, and average number!
• an algorithm to calculate a circle area!
• an algorithm to calculate rectangle circumference!

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 References
• Lesley Anne Robertson, 2006, Simple program design :
a step by step approach, Vol.05, Course Technology.
Chapter 1 and 2.

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