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Variables and Expressions
Introduction to
Equations,
Inequalities, and
Introduction to Equations
Graphing
Inequalities
Graphing and Equations of Two Variables
Introduction to Equations, Inequalities, and Gr...
Introduction to Equations, Inequalities, and Gr... > Variables and Expressions
Variables and Expressions

• Introduction to Variables
• Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions
• Multiplying Algebraic Expressions
• Simplifying Radical Expressions
• Simplifying Exponential Expressions
• Rational Algebraic Expressions
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/introduction-to-equations-inequalities-and-graphing-2/variables-and-expressio
ns-16/
Introduction to Equations, Inequalities, and Gr... > Introduction to Equations
Introduction to Equations
• What is an Equation?
• Solving Equations: Addition and Multiplication Properties of Equality
• Rational Equations
• Radical Equations
• Equations with Absolute Value
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/introduction-to-equations-inequalities-and-graphing-2/introduction-to-equation
s-17/
Introduction to Equations, Inequalities, and Gr... > Inequalities
Inequalities
• Introduction to Inequalities
• Rules for Solving Inequalities
• Compound Inequalities
• Inequalities with Absolute Value
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/introduction-to-equations-inequalities-and-graphing-2/inequalities-18/
Introduction to Equations, Inequalities, and Gr... > Graphing and Equations of Two Variables
Graphing and Equations of Two Variables

• The Cartesian System
• Equations in Two Variables
• Graphing Equations
• Graphs of Equations as Graphs of Solutions
• Graphing Inequalities
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/introduction-to-equations-inequalities-and-graphing-2/graphing-and-equations-
of-two-variables-19/
Appendix
Key terms
• absolute value The magnitude (i.e., non-negative value) of a number without regard to its sign; a number's distance from zero.
• absolute value The magnitude of a real number without regard to its sign; formally, -1 times a number if the number is
negative, and a number unmodified if it is zero or positive.
• binomial A polynomial with two terms.
• boundary line The straight line in the graph of an inequality that defines the half-plane containing the solutions to the inequality.
• Cartesian coordinates The coordinates of a point measured from an origin along a horizontal axis from left to right (the -axis)
and along a vertical axis from bottom to top (the -axis).
• coefficient A quantity (usually a number) that remains the same in value within a problem.
• compound inequality An inequality that is made up of two other inequalities, in the form .
• cross-multiply To multiply the numerator of each side of an equation by the denominator of the other side.
• denominator The number or expression written below the line in a fraction (e.g., the 2 in ).
• dependent variable An arbitrary output; on the Cartesian plane, the value of .
• equality The state of two or more entities having the same value.
• equation An assertion that two expressions are equivalent (e.g., ).
• equation A mathematical statement that asserts the equivalence of two expressions.

• expression An arrangement of symbols denoting values, operations performed on them, and grouping symbols (e.g., ).
• extraneous solution An answer to an equation that emerges from the process of solving the problem but that is not a valid
answer to the original problem.
• factor Any of various objects multiplied together to form some whole.
• factoring The process of creating a list of items that, when multiplied together, will produce a desired quantity or expression.
• graph A diagram displaying data; in particular, one showing the relationship between two or more quantities, measurements or
numbers.
• graph A diagram displaying data, generally representing the relationship between two or more quantities.
• half-plane One of the two parts of the coordinate plane created when a line is drawn.
• independent variable An arbitrary input; on the Cartesian plane, the value of .
• inequality A statement that of two quantities one is specifically less than or greater than another.
• like terms Entities that involve the same variables raised to the same exponents.
• monomial A single term consisting of a product of numbers and variables.
• number line A visual representation of the set of real numbers as a series of points.
• number line A line that graphically represents the real numbers as a series of points whose distance from an origin is
proportional to their value.
• numerator The number or expression written above the line in a fraction (e.g., the 1 in ).
• ordered pair A set containing exactly two elements in a fixed order, used to represent a point in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Notation: .
• ordered pair A set containing exactly two elements in a fixed order, used to represent a point in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Notation: .
• parameter A number or variable in an equation that is considered "known".
• point An entity that has a location in space or on a plane, but has no extent.
• polynomial An algebraic expression with more than one term.
• prime factor A factor of a given integer that is also a prime number.
• quadrant One of the four quarters of the Cartesian plane bounded by the -axis and -axis.
• radical A root (of a number or quantity).
• radicand The number or expression whose square root or other root is being considered; e.g., the 3 in . More simply, the
number under the root symbol.
• rational expression An expression in terms of the quotient of two polynomials.
• rational expression A set of mathematical terms that can be expressed as the quotient of two polynomials.
• root A number that, when plugged into an equation, will produce a zero.
• solution A value that can be substituted for a variable to make an equation true.
• square The second power of a number, value, term, or expression.
• term A value or expression separated from other such values by an operation.
• trinomial A polynomial with three terms.
• unknown A variable in an equation that has to be solved for.
• unknown A variable in an equation that needs to be solved for.
• variable An alphabetic character representing a number that is arbitrary or unknown.

• x-axis The axis on a graph that is usually drawn from left to right, with values increasing to the right.
• y-axis The axis on a graph that is usually drawn from bottom to top, with values increasing farther up.
Cartesian coordinates
The four quadrants of theCartesian coordinate system. The arrows on the axes indicate that they extend infinitely in their respective directions.
Wikipedia. "Cartesian Coordinate System." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system View on Boundless.com
Similar triangles
Corresponding angles in similar shapes are marked with the same symbol. For example, (i.e., angle ) corresponds to , and they are equal.
Wikimedia. "Similar_Triangles." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Similar_Triangles.svg View on Boundless.com
Note that the circle above the number 5 is open, indicating that 5 is not included in possible values of .
OpenStax. "Wade EllisDenny Burzynski, Solving Linear Equations and Inequalities: Linear Inequalities in One Variable." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://cnx.org/contents/jlLrm8Ui@4/Solving-Linear-Equations-and-I View on Boundless.com
Solution to
The solution is any value of less than -4 or greater than 4.
Brittany Meredith. "Original figure by Brittany Meredith. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0." CC BY-SA 3.0 View on Boundless.com
Graph of
Since the exponent of is a 3, it means that this equation is a 3rd-degree polynomial, called a cubic polynomial.
Julien Coyne. "Original figure by Julien Coyne. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0." CC BY-SA 3.0 View on Boundless.com
Graph of
This is a graph of a circle with radius 10 and center at the origin.
Cartesian coordinate system

The Cartesian coordinate system with 4 points plotted, including the origin, at .
Wikimedia. "Cartesian-coordinate-system." GNU FDL https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cartesian-coordinate-system.svg View on Boundless.com
Note that the circle above the number 3 is filled, indicating that 3 is included in possible values of .
Brittany Meredith. "Original figure by Brittany Meredith. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0." CC BY-SA 3.0 View on Boundless.com
is to the left of on this number line.
OpenStax. "a less b.jpg." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/yqV9q0HH@7.19:534pfj8-@3/Use-the-Language-of-Algebra View on Boundless.com
is to the right of on this number line.
OpenStax. "b less a.jpg." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/yqV9q0HH@7.19:534pfj8-@3/Use-the-Language-of-Algebra View on Boundless.com
Graph of
This graph is of a parabola (a U-shaped open curve symmetric about a line). Parabolas can open up or down, right or left; they also have a maximum or
minimum value.
Graph of
The equation is the graph of a line through the three points found above. The line continues on to infinity in each direction, since there is an infinite series
of ordered pairs of solutions.
Graph of
Graph showing all possible solutions of the given inequality. The solutions lie in the shaded region, including the boundary line.
Wade Ellis and Denny Burzynski, OpenStax CNX. Jun 1, 2009. "Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities: Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables. ."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/82f983c0-84ab-49a3-a86e-9004eb8d1fcb@4 View on Boundless.com
Graph of
All points in the shaded half-plane above the line are solutions to this inequality.
Wade EllisDenny Burzynski, OpenStax CNX. Jun 1, 2009. "Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities: Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/contents/82f983c0-84ab-49a3-a86e-9004eb8d1fcb@4 View on Boundless.com
Graph of
All points lying on the boundary line and in the shaded half-plane are solutions to this inequality.
Wade Ellis and Denny Burzynski, OpenStax CNX. Jun 1, 2009. "Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities: Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables. ."
Similar geometric shapes

Two geometrical objects are similar if they both have the same shape or if one has the same shape as the mirror image of the other. In this image,
figures shown in the same color are similar.
Wikipedia. "Similar-geometric-shapes." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_(geometry)%23/media/File:Similar-geometric-shapes.svg
View on Boundless.com
Absolute value
The absolute value of a real number may be thought of as its distance from zero. In this image, for example, .
Wikipedia. "Absolute value." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value View on Boundless.com
Prime Factors of Fractions

Finding the prime factors of the denominators of two fractions enables us to find a common denominator.
OpenStax CNX. "Kenny Felder, Advanced Algebra II: Conceptual Explanations. November 25, 2012." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m18303/latest/?collection=col10624 View on Boundless.com
Half-planes
The boundary line shown above divides the coordinate plane into two half-planes.
Wade Ellis and Denny Burzynski, Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities: Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables. OpenStax CNX. Jun 1, 2009.
"Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities: Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables." CC BY 3.0
Graph of boundary line for

Graph of the boundary line, drawn using two ordered-pair solutions.
Wade Ellis and Denny Burzynski, OpenStax CNX. Jun 1, 2009. "Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities: Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables."
The above inequality on the number line.
OpenStax. "Solving Linear Equations and Inequalities: Linear Inequalities in One Variable ." CC BY 4.0
The above inequality on the number line.
OpenStax. "Solving Linear Equations and Inequalities: Linear Inequalities in One Variable ." CC BY 4.0
Solution to
All numbers whose absolute value is less than 10.
OpenStax CNX. "Kenny Felder, Advanced Algebra II: Conceptual Explanations. December 3, 2012." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m18207/1.2/
View on Boundless.com
Attribution
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• OpenStax CNX. "Kenny Felder, Advanced Algebra II: Conceptual Explanations. September 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Graph of a function." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function
• Wiktionary. "graph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/graph
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Function Graphing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Function_Graphing
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Equations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Equations
• Wikipedia. "Dependent and independent variables." CC BY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables
• Wikipedia. "2D Cartesian Coordinates." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system
• Wiktionary. "quadrant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quadrant
• Wiktionary. "y-axis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/y-axis
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/The Coordinate (Cartesian) Plane." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/The_Coordinate_(Cartesian)_Plane
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/ordered-pair
• Wikibooks. "Intermediate Algebra/The Coordinate (Cartesian) Plane." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Intermediate_Algebra/The_Coordinate_(Cartesian)_Plane
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• Wikimedia. "Cartesian-coordinate-system." GNU FDL

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cartesian-coordinate-system.svg
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Variable. September 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m21979/latest/
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-2/inequalities-18/compound-inequalities-140-5844/
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Inequalities in Two Variables." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/82f983c0-84ab-49a3-a86e-9004eb8d1fcb@4

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Graphing and Equations of Two Variables

Introduction to Equations, Inequalities, and Gr...

Variables and Expressions

Graphing and Equations of Two Variables

• equation A mathematical statement that asserts the equivalence of two expressions.

• variable An alphabetic character representing a number that is arbitrary or unknown.

Cartesian coordinate system

is to the left of on this number line.

is to the right of on this number line.

Similar geometric shapes

Prime Factors of Fractions

Graph of boundary line for

The above inequality on the number line.

The above inequality on the number line.

• Wikimedia. "Cartesian-coordinate-system." GNU FDL

• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/rational-expression

• Wikipedia. "Graph of a function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function

• Wikipedia. "Inequality (mathematics)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)#Properties

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