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Introduction to Linear Functions
Linear Functions
Working With Lines
Applications of Linear Functions
Linear Functions
Linear Functions > Introduction to Linear Functions
Introduction to Linear Functions

• What is a Linear Function?
• Slope
• Direct and Inverse Variation
• Zeroes of Linear Functions
• Slope-Intercept Equations
• Point-Slope Equations
• Linear Equations in Standard Form
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/linear-functions-5/introduction-to-linear-functions-35/
Linear Functions > Working With Lines
Working With Lines

• The Distance Formula and Midpoints of Segments
• Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
• Linear Inequalities
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/linear-functions-5/working-with-lines-36/
Linear Functions > Applications of Linear Functions
Applications of Linear Functions

• Rates of Change
• Linear Mathematical Models
• Fitting a Curve
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/linear-functions-5/applications-of-linear-functions-37/
Appendix
Linear Functions
Key terms
• curve fitting The process of constructing a curve, or a mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points,
possibly subject to constraints.
• direction Increasing, decreasing, horizontal or vertical.
• distance The amount of space between two points, measured along a straight line
• function A relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the property that each input is related to
exactly one output.
• hyperbola A conic section formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane that intersects the base of the cone and is not
tangent to the cone.
• inequality A statement that of two quantities of which one is specifically less than or greater than another. Symbols: or or or ,
as appropriate.
• least squares approximation An attempt to minimize the sums of the squared distance between the predicted point and the
actual point.
• linear equation A polynomial equation of the first degree (such as ).
• linear equation A polynomial equation of the first degree (such as ).
• linear function An algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and (the first power
of) a single variable.
• linear function An algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and (the first power
of) a single variable.
• linear regression An approach to modeling the linear relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable .
Linear Functions
• linear regression An approach to modeling the linear relationship between a dependent variable, and an independent
variable, .
• mathematical model An abstract mathematical representation of a process, device, or concept; it uses a number of variables to
represent inputs, outputs, internal states, and sets of equations and inequalities to describe their interaction.
• midpoint A point which divides a line segment into two lines of equal length
• outlier A value in a statistical sample which does not fit a pattern nor describes most other data points.
• parallel lines Lines which never intersect even as they go to infinity. Their slopes are equal to each other.
• perpendicular lines Two lines whose intersection creates right angles. Their slopes are the negative reciprocal of each other.
• point-slope equation An equation of a line given a point and a slope : .
• proportional At a constant ratio. Two magnitudes (numbers) are said to be proportional if the second varies in a direct relation
arithmetically to the first.
• Pythagorean Theorem States that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides in a
right triangle.
• rate of change Ratio between two related quantities that are changing.
• real numbers The smallest set containing all limits of convergent sequences of rational numbers.
• reciprocal Of a number, the number obtained by dividing by the given number; the result of exchanging the numerator and the
denominator of a fraction.
Linear Functions
• relation A collection of ordered pairs.

• slope The ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line; zero if the line is horizontal, undefined if it
is vertical.
• slope The ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line; zero if the line is horizontal, undefined if it
is vertical.
• slope-intercept form A linear equation written in the form .
• steepness The rate at which a function is deviating from a reference.
• variable A symbol that represents a quantity in a mathematical expression, as used in many sciences.
• y-intercept A point at which a line crosses the -axis of a Cartesian grid.
• y-intercept A point at which a line crosses the -axis of a Cartesian grid.
• y-intercept A point at which a line crosses the y-axis of a Cartesian grid.
• zero Also known as a root; an value at which the function of is equal to .
• zero Also known as a root, a zero is an -value at which the function of is equal to 0.
Linear Functions
Zeros of linear functions

The blue line, , has a zero at ; the red line, , has a zero at . Since each line has a value for the slope, each line has exactly one zero.
Julien Coyne. "Original figure by Julien Coyne. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0." CC BY-SA 3.0 View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Slope-intercept graph
Graph of the line .
Linear Functions
Slope-intercept graph
Graph of the line .
Linear Functions
Line graph
Graph of the line , through the point with slope of , as well as the slope-intercept form, .
Linear Functions
Distance and time graph

The graph of . The two variables are time and distance . The rate the runner runs is miles per hour. Using the graph, predictions can be made
assuming that his average speed remains the same.
Linear Functions
Trains
Train A (red line) is represented by the equation: , and Train B (blue line) is represented by the equation: . The two trains meet at the intersections point ,
which is after miles in hours.
Linear Functions
Distance Formula
The distance formula between two points, and , shown as the hypotenuse of a right triangle
Wikimedia. "Distance Formula." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_Formula.svg View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
Wikimedia. "Pythagorean theorem abc." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_theorem_abc.svg View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Perpendicular lines
The line in red is perpendicular to line in blue. The values of their slopes are negative reciprocals of each other; therefore, the angle of intersection is
degrees.
Linear Functions
Graphs of linear functions

The blue line, and the red line, are both linear functions. The blue line has a positive slope of and a -intercept of ; the red line has a negative slope of
and a -intercept of .
Linear Functions
Parallel lines
in red is parallel to in blue; the slopes obtained from the graphs of the lines is the same as the slopes in their equations.
Linear Functions
Midpoint of a Line Segment

The equation for a midpoint of a line segment with endpoints and
Wikipedia. "Midpoint." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midpoint.svg View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Inequality
Solutions to are graphed in yellow on the number line. Notice the open circle means that the value of in not a solution to the inequality since is a false
statement. If the inequality was , then would be a solution and there would be a closed circle over the on the number line.
OpenStax CNX. "Abhijit Chaturvedi, Solving Linear Inequalities. December 3, 2012." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m19599/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Example Points
The points are graphed in a scatterplot fashion.
Work at Home Jobs. "FAQ | FooPlot | Online graphing calculator and function plotter." Public domain http://fooplot.com/faq View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Least Squares Fit Line

The line found by the least squares approximation, . Notice 4 points are above the line, and 4 points are below the line.
Linear Functions
Outlier Approximated Line

Here is the approximated line given the new outlier point at (-1, 6).
Linear Functions
Visualization of Slope
The slope of a line is calculated as "rise over run."
OpenStax. "Basic Math." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/caa57dab-41c7-455e-bd6f-f443cda5519c@1.62 View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Find the slope of the line

Notice the line is increasing so make sure to look for a slope that is positive.
Linear Functions
Identify points on the line

Draw a triangle to help identify the rise and run.
Linear Functions
Find the slope of the line

We can see the slope is decreasing, so be sure to look for a negative slope.
Linear Functions
Slope Represented Graphically

The slope is calculated from the two points and .
Wikipedia. "Slope." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope#/media/File:Wiki_slope_in_2d.svg View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Identify two points on the line

The points and are on the line.
Linear Functions
Slopes of Lines
The slope of a line can be positive, negative, zero, or undefined.
OpenStax. "Slopes of Lines." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/caa57dab-41c7-455e-bd6f-f443cda5519c@1.62 View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Directly Proportional Variables

The graph of demonstrates an example of direct variation between two variables.
Wikipedia. "Proportional_variables.svg." CC0 1.0 Universal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)#/media/File:Proportional_variables.svg
View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Inversely Proportional Function

An inversely proportional relationship between two variables is represented graphically by a hyperbola.
Wikipedia. "Inverse_proportionality_function_plot.gif." CC0 1.0 Universal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)#/media/File:Inverse_proportionality_function_plot.gif View on Boundless.com
Linear Functions
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "rate of change." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_(mathematics)
• Wiktionary. "linear equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear_equation
• Wiktionary. "slope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slope
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Word Problems." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Word_Problems
• Wikipedia. "Perpendicular." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular
• Wikipedia. "Parallel (geometry)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)
• Wiktionary. "reciprocal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reciprocal
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/parallel-lines
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/perpendicular-lines
• Wikipedia. "Linear equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation
• Wiktionary. "linear function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear_function
• Wiktionary. "y-intercept." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/y-intercept
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/zero
• Wikipedia. "Linear inequality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_inequality
• Wiktionary. "inequality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inequality
• Wiktionary. "linear equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear_equation
• Wiktionary. "real numbers." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/real_numbers
Linear Functions
• Wikibooks. "Basic Algebra/Linear Inequalities/Solving Inequalities." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Algebra/Linear_Inequalities/Solving_Inequalities
• Wikipedia. "function." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)
• Wikipedia. "relation." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation
• Wiktionary. "variable." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/variable
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Intercepts." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Intercepts
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Slope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Slope
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Linear Equations and Functions." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Linear_Equations_and_Functions
• Wikipedia. "Linear equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation%23Point.E2.80.93slope_form
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/point-slope-equation
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Function Graphing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Function_Graphing
• Wiktionary. "mathematical model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mathematical_model
• Wikipedia. "Mathematical model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/linear-regression
• Wikipedia. "Distance formula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_formula%23Geometry
• Wikipedia. "Midpoint." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint
• Wiktionary. "midpoint." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/midpoint
• Wiktionary. "distance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distance
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/pythagorean-theorem
Linear Functions
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/The Pythagorean Theorem." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/The_Pythagorean_Theorem
• Wiktionary. "y-intercept." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/y-intercept
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Intercepts." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Intercepts
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Slope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Slope
• Wiktionary. "slope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slope
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Function Graphing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Function_Graphing
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Linear Equations and Functions." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Linear_Equations_and_Functions
• Wikipedia. "Curve fitting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_fitting
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/least-squares-approximation
• Wikipedia. "Ordinary least squares." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares
• Wikipedia. "Linear regression." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression
• Wiktionary. "outlier." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/outlier
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/curve-fitting
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/linear-regression
• Wikipedia. "Slope." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope
• OpenStax. "Basic Math." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/caa57dab-41c7-455e-bd6f-f443cda5519c@1.62
• Wikipedia. "Proportionality (mathematics)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)
• Boundless. "Direct Variation." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://www.boundless.com/atoms/7360/
Linear Functions
• Boundless. "Combined Variation." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://www.boundless.com/atoms/5888/

• Boundless. "Inverse Variation." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://www.boundless.com/atoms/5870/
• Wikipedia. "Linear equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation
• Boundless. "Zeroes of Linear Equations." CC BY-SA 4.0 http://www.boundless.com/atoms/5522/

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Working With Lines

Applications of Linear Functions

Introduction to Linear Functions

Working With Lines

Applications of Linear Functions

• relation A collection of ordered pairs.

Zeros of linear functions

Distance and time graph

Graphs of linear functions

Midpoint of a Line Segment

Least Squares Fit Line

Outlier Approximated Line

Find the slope of the line

Identify points on the line

Find the slope of the line

Slope Represented Graphically

Identify two points on the line

Directly Proportional Variables

Inversely Proportional Function

• Wikibooks. "Basic Algebra/Linear Inequalities/Solving Inequalities." CC BY-SA 3.0

• Wikibooks. "Algebra/The Pythagorean Theorem." CC BY-SA 3.0

• Boundless. "Combined Variation." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://www.boundless.com/atoms/5888/

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