Presented by: judy

ann, richelle
Daisy ann ,
Alyssa & benjie
Flag
National symbol
Indonesian

Literature
 Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous
country and among the most culturally diverse. Yet
not many people are familiar with literary works by
Indonesian writers. Why is that? Well …
 Indonesian literature plunged into obscurity
following an 
anti-communist massacre in 1965-1966 that
brought Suharto’s repressive New Order regime to
power.
That means, for the first time, Indonesian literature
is in the global spotlight at the world’s
largest book festival.
What is the state of
Indonesian literature in
translation globally?
 Indonesian literature is not widely known
compared to works from other countries. Writings
of Indonesian authors do not get translated as
much as works by other authors of “Third World”
countries. Colonial legacy plays a part in this.
 The Nobel Prize nominations show that Indonesian
literature is not inferior to the literature of other
countries. But there are questions as to whether it
was his works or his status as political prisoner that
made the Nobel Committee nominated
Pramoedya. Some wondered whether the
Committee nominated Pramoedya to pressure the
Indonesian government to release him from prison.
How was the production of
literature like following
the communist purge?
Equinox

Equinox
 Literary production remained consistently
high even during the repressive era of
Suharto.
 In the 1970s and 1980s, works by women
authors – such as Mira W., Marga T., La Rose,
Ike Supomo, Titi Said, Nh. Dini, and Marianne
Katoppo – dominated the scene. But many
male critics tended to brush them aside as
“women’s fiction”, which carries a negative
connotation of having low literary quality.
What are the characteristics
of Indonesian literature?

 The styles and characteristics of Indonesian

literature change from time to time. They
sometimes follow the political dynamics of
the country and the region.
 In the colonial era, local authors were heavily
inspired by Western novels and poetry.
 Many writers produced adaptations of
Western fiction in their local setting or even
“plagiarised” works produced by their
Western counterparts. Popular works such as
Robinson Crusoe, The Count of Monte Cristo,
and Sherlock Holmes 
were translated and adapted in Malay,
Sundanese and Javanese languages in the
late 19th century in the Netherlands Indies by
Dutch, Chinese and indigenous translators.
What are the main styles and
themes?
 Realism remains to be the dominant style,
although sometimes it also blends with some
kind of romanticism – a nostalgia for the lost
past – and a sense of disillusionment that
replaces it.
 Some of the works that have been published
by Dalang in translation are Remy Silado’s My
Name Is Mata Hari (Namaku Mata Hari), Lan
Fang’s novel Potions and Paper Cranes
(Perempuan Kembang Jepun), Erni Aladjai’s
Kei, Anindita S. Thayf’s Daughters of Papua
(Tanah Tabu), Ahmad Tohari’s The Red Bekisar
(Bekisar Merah), and Hana Rambe’s Cloves
for Kolosia (Aimuna dan Sobori).
 Traditional literature: Pujangga Lama
 Early Indonesian literature originates in 
Malay literature, and the influence of these
roots was felt until well into the twentieth
century. The literature produced by
the Pujangga lama (literally "the old poets") was
mainly written before the 20th century, but
after the coming of Islam. Before that time,
however, there must have existed a lively oral
tradition.
Genres

 In written poetry and prose, a number of traditional

forms dominate, mainly:—
 syair (traditional narrative poetry)
 pantun (quatrains made up of two seemingly
disconnected couplets)
 gurindam (brief aphorisms)
 hikayat (stories, fairy-tales, animal fables, chronicles)
 babad (histories or chronicles).
Works
 Some of these works are:
 syair[
 Syair Bidasari, Syair Ken Tambuhan, Syair Raja Mambang Jauhari, Syair
Raja Siak
 pantun
-scattered items found all over the Indonesian Archipelago, and also
incorporated in other works
 Hikayat
-Hikayat Abdullah (1849), Hikayat Andaken Penurat, Hikayat Bayan
Budiman, Hikayat Djahidin, Hikayat Hang Tuah, Hikayat Kadirun, Hikayat
Kalila dan Damina, Hikayat Masydulhak, Hikayat Pelanduk Jinaka, Hikayat
Pandja Tanderan, Hikayat Putri Djohar Manikam, Hikayat Tjendera Hasan, 
Tsahibul Hikayat.
 historiography 
 Sejarah Melayu.
1870—1942: Sastra Melayu
Lama
 The literature of this period was produced
from the year 1870 until 1942. The works from
this period were predominantly popular
among the people in Sumatra (i.e. the regions
of Langkat, Tapanuli, Padang, etc.), the
Chinese and the Indo-Europeans. The first
works were dominated by syair, hikayat and
translations of western novels. These are:
Novels
 Robinson Crusoe 
 Lawah-lawah Merah
 Around the World in Eighty Days
(Mengelilingi Bumi dalam 80 hari)
 Le Comte de Monte Cristo 
 Kapten Flamberger (translation by Lie Kim Hok) (1853-1912)
 Rocambole (translation by Lie Kim Hok)
 Nyai Dasima by G. Francis (Indonesian)
 Bunga Rampai by A.F van Dewall
 Kisah Perjalanan Nakhoda Bontekoe
 Kisah Pelayaran ke Pulau Kalimantan
 Kisah Pelayaran ke Makassar dan lain-lainnya
 Cerita Siti Aisyah by H.F.R Kommer (Indonesian)
 Cerita Nyi Paina
 Cerita Nyai Sarikem
 Cerita Nyonya Kong Hong Nio etc.
The Bureau for Popular
Literature
 Education, means of communication,
national awareness: all these factors favoured
the emergence of a comprehensive
Indonesian literature. The Dutch, however,
wished to channel all these forces, nipping
any political subversiveness in the bud while
at the same time instructing and educating
Indonesians, in a way the government saw fit.
Language
 One of the first actions the Volksraad took
was to request the sanction of the use of two
official languages in its meetings: Dutch and
Malay.
 In 1928, an association of young Javanese
intellectuals referred to the language
as "Bahasa Indonesia" ("Indonesian language
"), for the first time, thus emphasising the
notion of a national rather than an ethnic
language.
 The first Indonesian novel
 During this period, whose heyday was in the 1920s,
Indonesian literature came to be dominated by fiction
(both short stories and novels), and Western-style drama
and poetry, which gradually replaced the
earlier syair, gurindam, pantun and hikayat. Merari Siregar
's Azab dan Sengsara was the very first modern novel
appearing in Indonesian, constituting a break with the
Malay romance tradition. While not completely successful,
in that it rather schematically deals in black-and-white
oppositions, and directly addresses the reader, subverting
its realism, this may still be regarded as the first treatment
of contemporaneous problems (i.e., the issue of 
forced marriage) in the realist tradition.[8]
 Majapahit Literature and the
Nagarakertagama
  During the Majapahit period, in the 13th–15th centuries, the East
Javanese culture reached its zenith. The second half of the 14th
century in particular saw the flourishing of both literature and
architecture. Majapahit’s writers continued the developments in
literature and wayang (shadow puppetry) begun in the Kediri
period. The best-known work today, Mpu Prapañca’s Desawarnaña,
often referred to as Nāgarakertāgama, composed in 1365, which
provides us with an unusually detailed view of daily life in the
kingdom’s central provinces. Many other classic works also date
from this period, including the famous Panji tales, popular
romances based on the history of eastern Java that were loved and
borrowed by storytellers as far away as Thailand and Cambodia.
 Modern Writers and Books in
Indonesia
  In the conflict between left-and right-wing politics of the
1950s and early 1960s, organizations of authors were
drawn into the fray. In the anticommunist purges of the
late 1960s, some writers who had participated in left-
wing organizations were imprisoned. The most famous is
Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a nationalist who had also been
imprisoned by the Dutch from 1947 to 1949. He
composed books as stories told to fellow prisoners in
exile on the island of Buru from 1965 to 1979. He was
released from Buru and settled in Jakarta, but remained
under city arrest
 Saman, Ayu Utami and Sex

  The most talked about book in Indonesia in the

1990s was Saman, a novella by an unknown 27-
year-old woman named Ayu Utami. The book was
a success because it dealt with subjects that until
that time had been taboo: political, repression,
prejudice towards the Chinese, and premarital
sex. An American writer based in Jakarta told the
International Herald Tribune, "That book was a
whirlwind. No one had talked about politics like
that before, or, for that matter, about sex like that
before."
QUIZ TIME!
1.  Indonesia's motto is "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika". When
it is translated to English, what does it mean?
2. What is the capital of indonesia?
3. The Indonesian island is Maluku are framed
as_______ contributed to the introduction of native.
4-5.Indonesia’s pancasila, the first word PANCA which
means _____ and SILA means_____.
6.Indonesian language or bahasa people know
pancasila as_____ created the unity in diversity.
7-8.Pancasila officially being indonesia’s symbol
since________ but pancasila itself was born on_______
when soekarno sent the first draft of pancasila.
9. What period that suharto’s brought repressive new
order regim to power that following an  anti –
communist massacre?
10. The_______ nominations show that Indonesian
literature is not inferior to the literature of other
countries.
11-12. In what period_______ and _______ , works by
women authors – such as Mira W., Marga T., La Rose,
Ike Supomo, Titi Said, Nh. Dini, and Marianne
Katoppo?
13-14. _______ and _______ languages in the late
19th century in the Netherlands Indies by Dutch,
Chinese and indigenous translators.
15. What is theTraditional literature that literally the
old poets was mainly written before the 20th
century?

II.IDENTIFICATION
In ONE or THREE sentences, define the term of each
or give sentences about that literature and explain its
significant.(3pts each)
1. Sastra Melayu Lama
2.Majapahit Literature and the Nagarakertagama
3.Pramoedya Ananta Toer,
4.Saman, Ayu Utami and Sex
5.Merari siregar’s Azab dan Sengsara