BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - V

METHODICAL
APPROACH TO
REPAIR BUILDINGS
CRACKS OVER OPENING:
• THE CRACKS OVER THE WINDOWS HAD DEVELOPED OVER MANY YEARS DUE TO RUSTING LINTELS.
• LINTELS ARE MADE OF STEEL AND SUPPORT THE BRICK OVER A WINDOW OPENINGS.
• RUSTING LINTELS ARE THE NUMBER ONE REASON CRACKS OCCUR ABOVE WINDOW FRAMES.
• THIS GENERALLY IS NOT A STRUCTURAL ISSUE IF LEFT UNREPAIRED.

REPAIR:
• THE ONLY TRUE WAY TO TELL IF A CRACK IS ACTIVE IS TI INSTALL A CRACK MONITOR.
• THE PROPER WAY TO INSTALL A CRACK MONITOR IS TO EPOXY THE MONITOR TO BOTH SIDES
OF THE CRACK AND LEAVE ON THE WALL OR FOUNDATION FOR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE.

SINKING BALCONIES:
• THERE ARE MANY THINGS THAT CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF INJURY ON A PROPERTY.
• LOOSE RAILING ON DECKS AND WALK WAYS ARE ONE OF THE AREAS THAT WE NEED TO BE
AWARE OF.
• WOOD RAILING, IRON RAILING, STUCCO, OR EVEN CONCRETE HAVE TO BE CHECKED
REGULARLY TO BE SAFE.
• THE BOLT HOLDING THE IRON RAILING PULLS AWAY FROM THE BUILDING. THERE IS NO WOOD
FRAMING BEHIND THE SIDING AT THAT POINT, THEREFORE IT HAS NO STRUCTURAL STRENGTH.
• MORE IMPORTANT, IS THE FACT THE RAILING IS PULLING AWAY FROM THE BUILDING. USUALLY
THIS IS A SIGN OF THE FRONT EDGE OF THE DECK OR BALCONY IS SINKING.
SAGGING BALCONIES:
• THE BALONIES ARE CONSTRUCTED AS CANTILEVER OVERHUNG FROM THE MASONRY WALLS 1.2 TO 2.0M.
THE CANTILEVER SLAB MIGHT HAVE BEEN DESIGNED PROPERLY; BUT IN MOST CASES DURING
CONSTRUCTION TOP TENSILE STEEL AT THE SUPPORT ARE DISPLACED REDUCING THE LEVER ARM AND,
THERRBY, REDUCING THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE.
• CRACKS OCCUR ON THE TOP AT THE SUPPORT AND THE SLAB GRADUALLY SAGS AND ULTIMATELY IT
SIMPKT HANGS. IN SUCH CASES, THE BALCONY SHALLHAVE TO BE DEMOLISHED WITH A PART OF THE SLAB
BEYOND THE MASONRY SUPPORT AND THE WHOLE REDONE AFTER REDESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING
CAREFULLY.

REPAIR:
• THE WORK IS TO BE STARTED FROM THE GROUND FLOOR. THE LEVEL OF THE BALCONY SLAB IS IN
HORIZNTAL POSITION, THE BRACKETS WITH THE BEAMS AS NECESSARY SHALL HAVE TTO BE PLACED IN
POSITION.
• AFTER POSITIONING THE MEMBERS AND FIXINGS SHALL BE SUPPORTED BY PROPS FROM THE GROUND
FLOOR SO THAT IT CAN TAKE THE LOAD THAT WOULD BE COMING DURING REPAIRING OF THE BALCONY
ABOVE.
• IN THE SAME PROCEDURE, THE BALCONY OF THE NEXT FLOOR ABOVE SHALL BE DONE AND SO ON. THE
SKETCH ILLUSTRATES THE METHOD.
DECAY OF FLOORING:
TIMBER:
• BUILDING MATERIALS ARE DECAYED BY THE EFFECTS OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND
THE EXTENT OF DAMAGE DEPENDS ON BOTH THE MATERIALS AND THE CONDITIONS.
• AMONG THE MOST VULNERABLE MATERIALS ARE TIMBER, PAINT, TEXTILES AND PAPER.
• HOWEVER, TIMBER PROVIDES SPECIALIZED ECOLOGICAL NICHES AND MANY ORGANISMS HAVE ECOLVED
TO USE IT AS A FOOD.
• THE MOST COMMON AND DESTRUCTIVE TO TIMBER ARE NOT DRY, WET ROT, COMMON FURNITURE BEETLE,
AND DEATH WATCH BEETLE.
• ORTHODOX REMEDIAL TREATMENTS OFTEN ENTAIL THE LOSS OF IRREPLACEBLE DECORATIVE FINISHES,
FLOORS AND CEILINGS.
• FURTHERMORE, TREATMENT OF THE INFESTATIONS WIH CHEMICALS IS NOT ONLY EXPENSIVE,
INCONVIENT, HAZARDOUS TO THE OPERATIVES AND OCCUPANTS BUT ALSO ENVIRONMENTALLY
UNACCEPTABLE AND USUALLY UNECESSARY.
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND PREVENTATIVE MAINTAIINANCE PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVE, LESS
DESTRUCTIVE SOLUTION, REMAIN THE MOST WIDELY USED METHODS FOR PREVENTING BIOLOGICAL
DECAY.
JACK ARCH ROOF:
JACK ARCH ROOF CONSTRUCTON CAN BE DONE IN BRICK OR CONCRETE. THE ARCH OF THE JACK ARCH IS
EITHER MADE OF BRICK OR CONCRETE. THE ARCH IS SUPPORTED ON THE LOWER FFLANGE OF MILD STEEL
JOISTS. THE ROLLED STEEL JOISTS ARE SUPPORTED AT THEIR ENDS OF THE WALLS OR ON THE LONGITUDINAL
GRIDERS. THEY ARE SPACED AT A DISTANCE OF 1M TO 1.5M CENTRE TO CENTRE.

THE TWO MAIN CAUSES OF JACK-ARCH ROOF LEAKAGE ARE:

1. POOR QUALITY OF CEMENT.
2. INAPPROPRIATE GRADE OF SAND.

REPAIR OF THE ROOF:

THE JACK ARCH ROOF LEAKAGE PROBLEM HAS TO BE FIXED AND SHOULD BE SO DONE SO AS TO AVOID FUTURE
RECURRING WATER LEAKAGE PROBLEM. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY WATERPROOFING THE ROOF.
STEP 1: THE OLD CEMENT MORTAR AND TILES ARE TO BE REMOVED SO THAT THE NEW CEMENT MORTAR
SETTLES AND BECONES FIRN IVER THE ROUGH ROOF SURFACE.
STEP 2: AFTER SCARPING OF THE CEMENT MORTAR, FRESH CEMENT MORTAR IS LAID AND LEFT TO DRY.
STEP 3: AFTER HE DRYING OF CEMNT MORTAR, WATERPROOFING IS DONE TO AVOID ANY KIND OF FURTHER
LEAKAGE. WATERPROOFING MATEIAL IS MIXED IN A DRUM OF WATER AND SPLASHED OVER THE CEMENT
MORTAR LAYER.
STEP 4: AFTER THE PROCESS OF WATERPROOFING, TILING IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF A SUITABLE ADHESIVE.
MADRAS ROOF TERRACE:
• WOODEN BEAMS, NORMALLY TEAK WOOD IN THOSE DAYS, WOULD BE FIRST PLACED UPON OPPOSITE
WALLS ACROSS THE WIDTH OF THE ROOM, 18 TO 24 INCHES APART. IN CASE ROOM SPANS ARE WIDER,
STEELSECTIONS WOULD BE FIRST PLACED DIVIDING THE ROOM INTO SHORTER SPANS, ALONG WHICH TEAK
BEAMS RUN.
• HIGH DENSITY AND HIGH STRENGTH CLAY BRICKS, MADE TO SPEACIAL THIN SIZE MEASURING 1”x3”x6”,
ARE USED IN MADRAS TERRACING.
• PROPERLY MIXED AND MATURED LIME MORTAR IS USED FOR BONDING AND THE FLAT TILES THAT ARE
PLACED AT AN ANGLE OF 45 DEGREES TO THE WALL, OR DIAGONALLY ACROSS THE ROOM WIDTH.
• THESE TERRACE TILES, PLACED ON THE EDGE, ENSURED TENSILE STRENGTH.
• THE ROOF IS CURED FOR A MINIMUM OF ONE WEEK TO ACHIEVE EARLY SETTING. THERAFTER, A THREE-
INCH THICK LAYER OF BROKEN BRICKS BATS WOULD BE LAID WHERE NEARLY HALF THE VOLUME WOULD
BE MADE UP OF LIME MORTAR, THREE PARTS BRICK, ONE PART GRAVEL AND ONE PART SAND. THIS LAYER
PROVIDED THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND LOAD BEARING CAPACITY TO THE ROOF.
• THIS LAYER NEEDS TO BE WELL COMPACTED, CURED AND LEVELLED.
• THE FINAL LAYER WOULD DEPEND UPON THE SLAB BEING AN INTERMEDIATE ONE OR THE FINAL ROOF.
• IF INTERMEDIATE, A FLOOR FINISH LIKE RED OXIDE OR LIME MORTAR WOULD BE APPLIED AND IF FINAL,
THERE WOULD BE COURSES OF FLAT WEATHER-PROOF TILES TOPPED BY THICK MORTAR TO SLOPE.
SINKING FOUNDATION:
• A SINKING FOUNDTION IS ONE ISSUE THAT CAN OCCUR IF THE FOUNDATION IS LAID IMPROPERLY OR ON
UNSTABLE SOIL. SINKING FOUNDATIONS ARE PROBLEM THAT NEED TO BE ADDRESSED AND EXAMINED AS
SOON AS THEY ARE NOTICED TO PREVENT FURTHER DAMAGE AND REPAIR COSTE TO THE REST OF THE
HOUSE.
HOW TO SPOT A SINKING FOUNDATION:
• THE HOUSE GRADUALLY SLANTS TO ONE SIDE.
• WINDOWS OR DOORS BECOME JAMMED OR MIS-ALIGNED.
• CRACKS IN TH BASEMENT, SLAB AND WALLS OF THE LIVING AREA.
• WATER PUDDLES THAT FORM AROUND THE BASE OF YOUR HOME MAY ALSO INDICATE FOUNDATION
PROBLEMS.
SINKING FOUNDATION REPAIR:
• THE FIRST STEP IN FIXING A SINKING FOUNDATION IS TO HAVE YOUR HOME EXAMINED BY A
PROFFESIONAL.
• HIGH-PRESSURE GROUTING WORKS BY INJECTING GROUT INTO UNSTABLE SOIL TO IMPROVE ITS
INTEGRITY, AND IN SOME CASES, TO LIFT THE STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE UP, AS WELL.
• THE INTRODUCTION OF LOAD-BEARING PIERS CAN BE USED TO LIFT AND STABILIZE A SINKING
FOUNDATION; THEY ARE AN ECONOMICAL AND PERMANENT SOLUTION TO FOUNDATION PROBLEMS IN
MANY INSTANCES.
• HELICAL PIERS CAN BE USED IN SOME SITUATION WHERE OTHER PIERS CANNOT. THESE, TOO, PROVIDE AN
ECONOMICAL AND PERMANENT SOLUTION TO SINKING FOUNDATIONS, AND ARE ESPECIALLY USEFUL
WHERE FILL MATERIAL OR A HIGH WATER TABLE IS PRESENT.
PROPPING:
• WHEN TRENCHES HAVE TO BE DUG IN LOOSE GROUND IT IS NECESSARY TO SUPPORT THE SIDES OF THE
EXCAVATION BY TIMBERING AND SHORING.
• IN MODERATELY FIRM GROUND, AFTER A DEPTH OF 3 OR 4 FEET HAS BEEN EXCAVATED, A FEW ROUGH
PLANKS OR “POLLING HOARDS” P P ARE PLACES AT INTERVALS VARYING WITH THE NATURE OF THE SOIL
AGAINST THE SIDES OF THE TRENCH, AND KEPT UP BY JAMMING OR WEDGING IN BETWEEN THEM
STRUTS(S) OF RPUGH SCANTLING FROM 4 TO 6 INCHES SQUARE.
• IN LOOSER GROUND IT IS NECESSARY TO PLACE THE POLING BOARDS CLOSER TOGETHER, AND SO SUPPORT
THEM BY 3-INCH PLANKS W W CALLED “WAILINGS”. THE STRUTS MUST BE MADE THICK, IN PROPORTION TO
THEH WIDTH OF THE TRENCH AND THE PRESSURE UPON THEM , AND THEIR DISTANCE APART WILL DEPEND
UPON THE STRENGTH OF THE WAILINGS AND THE NATURE OF THE SOIL.
STRUTTING:
• STRUTTING CONSTITUES A CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE USED TO REINFORCE BUILDINGS.
• BASICALLY, A STRUT CONSISTS OF A SUPPORT SYSTEM USED TO BOLSTER BEAMS IN FLOORS AND CEILINGS.
• VARIOUS TYPES OF STRUTTING EXIST, SOME USING WOOD AND SOME USING GALVANIZED STEEL.
• STRUTS HELP PREVENT LONG JOISTS, OR WOODEN BEAMS RUNNING FROM WALL-TO-WALL IN CEILINGS
AND FLOORS, FROM BUCKLING OR WRAPING.
• TWO TYPES OF WOODEN STRUTS EXIST, HERRINGBONE STRUTS AND SOLID STRUTTING. REQUIREMENTS OF
SIZE AND MATERIAL APPKY TO BOTH.

SOLID STRUTTING: HERRINGBONE STRUT:

USES SHORT MEMBERS (BOARDS) WHICH
ARE FIXED VERTICALLY BETWEEN FLOOR
JOISTS TO STIFFEN THE JOISTS.
THE PURPOSE OF HERRINGBONE STRUTTING TO FLOOR
JOISTS FOUND IN OLDER DWELLINGS OR THE SOLID
NOGGING METHOD USED IN NEWER BUILDINGS IS TO
DISTTRIBUTE THE WEIGHT ACROSS MORE THAN ONE
JOIST, AND ALSO TO HELP PREVENT THE JOISTS FROM
TWISTING.
SHORING:
SHORING IS THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TEMPORARY STRUCTURE TO SUPPORT TEMPORARILY AN UNSAFE
STRUCTURE. THESE SUPPORT WALLS LATERALLY. SHORING CAN BE USED WHEN WALLS BULGE OUT, WHEN
WALLS CRACK DUE TO UNEQUAL SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION AND REPAIRS ARE TO BE CARRIED OUT TO THE
CRACKED WALL, WHEN AN ADJACENT STRUCTURE NEEDS PULLING DOWN, WHEN OPENINGS ARE TO BE NEWLY
MADE OR ENLARGED IN A WALL.
TYPES OF SHORING:
• RAKING SHORING : INCLINED MEMBERS KNOW AS RAKERS ARE USED TO GIVE LATERAL SUPPORTS TO WALL.
• FLYING SHORING : THIS IS A SYSTEM OF PROVIDING TEMPORARY SUPPORTS TO THE PARTY WALLS OF THE
TWO BUILDINGS WHERE THE INTERMEDIATE BUILDING IS TO BE PULLED DOWN AND REBUILT.
• DEAD SHORING : THIS IS THE SYSTEM OF SHORING WHICH IS USED TO RENDER VERTICAL SUPPORT TO
WALLS AND ROOFS, FLOORS, ETC WHEN THE LOWER PART OF A WALL HAS BEEN REMOVED FOR THE
PURPOSE OF PROVIDING AN OPENING IN THE WALL OR TO REBUILD A DEFECTIVE LOAD BEARING WALL IN A
STRUCTURE.

RAKING SHORING FLYING SHORING DEAD SHORING

UNDERPINNING:
• IN CONSTRUCTION, UNDERPINNING IS THE PROCESS OF STRENGTHENING AND STABILIZING THE
FOUNDATION OF AN EXISTING BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURE.
WHY UNDERPINNING IS USED?
• THE ORIGINAL FOUNDATION IS SIMPLY NOT STRONG OR STABLE ENOUGH.
• THE USAGE OF THE STRUCTURE HAS CHANGED.
• THE PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL SUPPORTING THE FOUNDATION MAY HAVE CHANGED OR WERE
MISCHARACTERIZED DURING DESIGN.
• THE CONSTRUCTION OF NEARBY STTRUCTURES NECESSITATES THE EXCAVATION OF SOIL SUPPORTING
EXISTING FOUNDATION.
• IT IS MORE ECONOMICAL, DUE TO LAND PRICE OR OTHERWISE, TO WORK ON THE PRESENT STRUCTURE’S
FOUNDATION THAT TO BUILD A NEW ONE.
• MASS CONCRETE UNDERPINNING : THIS UNDERPINNING METHOD STRENGTHENS AN EXISTING STRUCTURE’S
FOUNDATION BY DIGGING BOXES BY HAND UNDERNEATH AND SEQUENTIALLY POURING CONCRETE IN A
STRATEGIC ORDER.
• MINI-PILE UNDERPINNING : THESE HAVE THE GREATEST VALUE WHERE GROUND CONDITIONS ARE VERY
VARIABLE, WHERE ACCESS IS RESTRICTIVE, WHERE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ASPECTS ARE
SIGNIFICANT, AND WHERE STRUCTURAL MOVEMENTS IN SERVICE MUST BE MINIMAL.
THANK
YOU
GROUP PRESENTATION BY :

SREE VAISHNAVA
VENKAT.L
GANESH SRIRAM
SIRISHA.L
DHARANI.P
VISHHNU VARDHAN
TILISHMA