Railway History

 Railways or rail Roads are a development of

“Tramways” and “Plateways”.
 Age of Steam

 Diesel Engines

 Electric Power
RAILWAY  

What   is   a   railway?   A   railway   can   be   defined   as   an   engineered  

structure  consisting  of  two  metal  guiding  rails  on  which  cars  are  
self-­‐propelled  or  pulled  by  a  locomotive  
A   railroad   consists   of   two   steel   rails   which   are   held   a   fixed
distance  apart  on  a  roadbed.  Vehicles,  guided  and  supported  by  flanged
 steel  wheels  and  connected  into  trains,  are  propelled  as  
a  means  of  transportation
John
.  Armstrong  
 
 
A   road   laid   with   parallel   steel   rails,   along   which   cars   carrying  
passengers  or  freight  are  drawn  by  locomotives.  
Webster’s  

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HISTORICAL  DEVELOPMENT  

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HISTORICAL  DEVELOPMENT  

•  Pre‐steam  (600  years  back)  Age

•   of  steam  (year  1820)  
– 1784  -­‐  Steam  Engine  invented  by  James  Waa  –  Sc ocsh  
– 1794  -­‐  First  working  model  of  steam  rail  locomotive e  was  

introduced  in  USA  by  John  Fitch  

–  1804  -­‐  First  full  scale  working  railway  steam  locomotive  was  
built  in  UK  by  Richard  Trevithick  

–  1811,  John  Blenkinsop  designed  the  first  successful  and  

practical  railway  locomotive  in  UK  

–  1825  -­‐  George  Stephenson  built  the  first  public  steam  railway  

•  Electrification  and  dieselization  

–  1888  -­‐  Frank  Sprague  built  1st  electric  streetcar  in  Virginia  
–  1900  -­‐  Diesel  engine  replaced  steam  engines   6
HISTORY  

The  idea  of  a  rail  network  was  first  thought  in  1847,  with  the  
• 

possibility  of  Karachi  becoming  a  major  seaport  

Sir  Henry  Edward  Frere  Commissioner  of  Sind  sought  permission  from  Lord  Dalhousie  to
 begin  survey  of  sea  port  in  1847    
He   also   initiated   the   survey   for   Railway   line   in   1858.   It   was  proposed   that
a   railway   line   from   Karachi   City   to   Kotri,   steam  navigation   up   the   Indus   /Chenab
an  other  railway  to  Lahore  and  beyond  be  constructed  
  upto   Multan   and   from   there  

On  13th  May  1861,  first  railway  line  was  opened  for  public  traffic  

between  Karachi  City  and  Kotri,  the  distance  of  105  miles .  

The   line   between   Karachi   City   and   Keamari   was   opened   on   16th   Jun  1889
 

By  1897  the  line  from  Keamari  to  Kotri  was  doubled  

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HISTORY  

In  1954  The  railway  line  was  extended  to  Mardan  and  Charsada  
section  
In   1956   Jacababad-­‐Kashmore   2'-­‐6''   line   was   converted   into  
broad  gauge  
Kot   Adu-­‐Kashmore   line   was   constructed   between   1969   to   1973  
providing  an  alternate  route  from  Karachi  to  up  country.  

Karachi  Kotri  Section   Lahore  Station  

1861 1900

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FUNCTIONING  

Pakistan  Railways  is  the  state-­‐owned  railway  company  

of  Pakistan  
Pakistan  Railway  functions  under  Ministry  of  Railways  Railway  Board    

–  Chairman   :     ex-­‐officio   Secretary   to   the   Government   of  

Pakistan  

–  Member  Traffic  
–  Member  Mechanical  Engineering g 
ex-­‐officio  Additional  Secretary  
–  Member  Civil  Engineering  
–  to  Govt  of  Pakistan
Member Finance  are    

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FUNCTIONING  

•  Pakistan  Railway  Setup  (6  x  units)  

–  Railways  Operational  Unit  
–  Production   Unit‐I   (Carriage   factory   Islamabad,   Automatic  
Vehicle  Launching  Bride  Section,  Steel  Shops  etc)    
–  Production   Unit‐II   (Locomotive   Factory   Risalpur,   Locomotive
 Rehabilitation  Project)    
–  Production   Unit‐III   (Concrete   Sleeper   Factories,   Flash   bua  
Welding  Plant  Sukkur,  etc.)  
–  RAILCOP  (Railway  Construction  Company,  Pakistan  Ltd)  
– 
 PRACS   (Pakistan   Railway   Advisory   and   Constancy   Services  
Ltd)  

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Railways

 Railway or Permanent-way is the

combination of rails, sleepers, fittings, ballast
etc.
Rail Gauges
Definition
 Rail gauge is the distance between the inner
sides of the two parallel rails that make up a
single railway line.
Dominant gauges
ft' in" mm

5' 6" 1676

5' 5.85" 1668

5' 3" 1600

5' 1524

4' 11.85" 1520

4' 8.5" 1435

4' 6" 1372

3' 6" 1067

3' 5.35" 1050

3' 3.37" 1000

3' 4.1" 950

3' 914

2' 6" 762

2' 5.55" 750

2' 610

1' 11.6" 600

 Dominant gauges

Gauge     Name     Usage    

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Indian gauge India, Pakistan, Argentina, Chile

Iberian gauge
1,668 mm (5 ft 5⅔ in) Portugal, Spain

Irish gauge
1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Ireland and important minor gauge in Australia

1,524 mm (5 ft) Finland, Estonia

Russian gauge

1,520 mm (4 ft 11⅞ in) CIS states, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia

Standard gauge Europe, North America, China, Korea, Australia, Middle East, North
Africa, Mexico, Cuba, Panama, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay (60% of
1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in) the world's railways) Also high-speed lines in Japan and Spain.

Cape gauge Southern and Central Africa, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines,
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) New Zealand, Australia

Meter gauge
1,000 mm (3 ft 3⅜ in) India, Brazil, Bolivia, northern Chile, Kenya, Uganda
INDO-PAK policy for Gauge

 The total cost of construction railway directly

depends on gauges, wider the gauge higher
will be the cost.
 At the time of construction of railway the
policy was adopted that the gauge will
depend on the intensity of traffic.
INDO-PAK policy for Gauge

Commonly used gauges in INDO-PAK are

 Broad Gauge

 Meter Gauge

 Narrow Gauge
Broad Gauge

 Broad gauge refers to any gauge wider than

standard gauge or 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)
 Broad gauge is used to provide better
stability and provide the easy transfer of
rolling stock.
 It is used for main cities and routes of heavy
intensities
Meter Gauge

 Standard gauge is referred the gauge having

a length equal to 1.00-m

 It is used in undeveloped area having

comparatively Less intensity.
 Narrow Gauge

 In hilly areas and very thinly populated areas

where it uneconomical to use Meter gauge,
narrow gauge is used.

 2’-00” and 2’-6” Narrow gauges are generally

used.
Common gauges in INDO-PAK
Difficulties Due to Change in Gauge
 At every change of gauge the passenger
have to change the train which cause much
inconvenience to the passengers.
 At the junction the goods are to be unloaded
from the train and loaded into another which
requires extra labor and goods likely to be
damaged.
 The owner will have to pay extra charges for
the labors causing increase in the price.
 Surplus wagons and engine of the one gauge
can not be utilize on the other.
Continued….

 During war times change in gauge causes

extremes difficulties to the army and checks
their quick movement.
 If the intensity of the traffic become more and
requires wider gauge it will be impossible to
change it because the change in gauge
mean changing of each and everything i.e.
rails, locomotives, bridges, tunnels etc.