Quaid-e-Azam

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

An Architect of
Pakistan
 SEQUENCE
Jinnah’s Early Life
Jinnah’s Political Career
14 Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
The Round Table Conferences
The Congress Rule
Vision for an Independent Homeland
Pakistan Resolution
Partition plan – June 1947
Indian Independent Act – 1947
Jinnah as Governor General of Pakistan
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• A politician, lawyer and
Pakistan’s first Governor-
General
• Known as ‘Quaid-e-Azam’
or ‘The Great Leader’
• He successfully campaigned
and led Pakistan’s
independence from India and
he became its first leader.
 Early Life
• Muhammad Ali Born on December 25, 1876, in Karachi.

• His father was a prosperous Muslim merchant named

Jinnah Poonja.

• When Muhammad Ali Jinnah was 6 year old, his father

placed him in Sindh Madrasat-ul-Islam School. But,
Jinnah was far from a model student.

• He was more interested in playing outside with his friends

than focusing on his studies.
 Cont…
• As the proprietor of a thriving trade business,
Jinnah’s father emphasized the importance of
studying mathematics, but ironically, the arithmetic
was among Jinnah’s most hated subjects.
• When Jinnah was nearly 11 year old, his paternal
aunt came to visit them from Bombay. Jinnah and
his aunt were very close.
• The aunt suggested that Jinnah should go with her
to Bombay because she believed that the big city
would provide him a better education than the
Karachi could.
 Cont…
• Despite his mother’s resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
accompanied his aunt back to Bombay, where she enrolled
him in the Gokal Das Tej Primary School.

• Despite the change of scenery, Jinnah continued to prove

himself a restless and unruly student and within just six
months he was sent back to Karachi.

• His mother insisted that he should attend Sindh Madrassa; she

did that but, Jinnah was expelled for cutting classes and going
horseback riding.
 Cont….
• Jinnah’s parents then enrolled him in the Missionary
Society High School, hoping that he would be better
able to concentrate on his studies there.
• As a teen, Jinnah developed an admiration for his
father’s business colleague, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft.
• When Croft offered Jinnah an internship in London,
he jumped at the chance, but his mother was not so
eager for him to accept the offer.
• Fearful of being separated from her son, she persuaded
him to marry before leaving for London, believing that
his marriage would ensure his eventual return to India.
 Cont….
At his mother’s urging, the 15 year old Jinnah entered
into an arranged marriage with his 14 year old bride,
Emibai, in February 1892.

She was from the village of Paneli and the wedding

also took place in her hometown.

• Jinnah continued attending the Christian Missionary

Society High School until he left for London.
 Cont….
• He departed Karachi in January 1893, not knowing that he
would never see his wife and mother again as Emibai died
a few months after Jinnah’s departure due to a decease.

• Jinnah’s mother, Mithibai, also passed away during his stay

in London.

• After a few months of serving his internship, in June 1893

Jinnah left the position to join Lincoln’s Inn, a renowned
legal association that helped law students study for the bar.
 Attorney
• Over the next few years, Jinnah prepared for the legal exam by
studying biographies and political texts that he borrowed from
the British Museum Library & read in the barristers’
chambers.
• While studying for the bar, Jinnah heard the terrible news of
his wife and mother’s deaths, but he managed to forge on with
his education.
• In addition to fulfilling his formal studies, he made frequent
visits to the House of Commons, where he could observe the
powerful British government in action firsthand.
• When Jinnah passed his legal exam in May 1896, he was the
youngest ever to have been accepted to the bar.
 Cont…
• During Jinnah’s visits to the House of Commons, he
had developed a growing interest in politics, deeming
it a more glamorous field than law.
• With his law degree in hand, in August 1896 Jinnah
moved to Bombay and set up a law practice as a
barrister in Bombay’s High Court. Jinnah continued
to practice as a barrister.
• Now in Bombay, Jinnah began his foray into politics
as a liberal nationalist.
 Political Career
• He started his political life as Dadabhai Naoroji’s
personal secretary.
• He attended meetings of Indian National Congress,
the largest political organization in India.
• At this time, his role model was Gopal Khrishna
Gokhale.
• In his early career, he helped a lot of his Muslim
workmates since at that time, Muslim people were in
minority.
 Cont…
• When Jinnah’s father joined him there, he was deeply
disappointed in his son’s decision to change career paths and,
out of anger, withdrew his financial support.
• Before that the two would have mended fences, by the time
Jinnah’s father died in April 1902.
• Jinnah was particularly interested in the politics of India and
its lack of strong representation in British Parliament.
• He was inspired when he saw Dadabhai Naoroji becoming the
first Indian to earn a seat in the House of Commons.
 Cont…

• In 1904, Jinnah attended a meeting of the Indian National

Congress and in 1906 he joined the Congress.
• In January 1910, he was elected as member of the Imperial
Legislative Council.
• He and many people in the congress used to support the Great
Britain in his early career because they thought that the Great
Britain will grant Indians their political freedom.
• In 1912, Jinnah attended a meeting of the all India Muslim
League, prompting him to join the league the following year.
 Jinnah joins Muslim League
• At first, Jinnah did not have any interest at all. However, he
joined the Muslim League in 1913 but without leaving the
congress.
• As a member of the Muslim League, Jinnah began to work for
Hindu-Muslim unity. In1916, he became the president of the
Muslim League.
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah really tried to bring the Muslim League
and the Congress closer to each other.
• Jinnah also made an agreement between Indian National
Congress and Muslim League in December 1916 known as
Lucknow Pact.
 Cont….
• The Pact dealt with both the structure of the government of
India and the relation of the Hindu and Muslim communities.
• His effort to get the Pact approved made him to the title of
“Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” from a renowned lady,
Mrs. Sarojini Naidu.
• In the midst of Jinnah’s thriving political career, he met a
16 year old named Ratanbai while on vacation in Darjeeling.
After "Rutti" turned 18; and converted toreligion Islam, the
two were married on 19 April 1918.
 Cont….
• By 1918, Mohandas Gandhi had become one of the main
leaders of the Congress Party.

• Jinnah and Gandhi had different minds. Mr. Gandhi wanted a

non-violent protest to gain independence, while Jinnah wanted
constitutional struggle to gain independence.

• Their different thoughts led Jinnah to leave the Congress party

in 1920.
 Cont….
• As a member of Congress, Jinnah at first collaborated with
Hindu leaders as the Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity,
while working with the Muslim League simultaneously.
• Gradually, Mr. Jinnah realized that the Hindu leaders of the
Congress held a political agenda that was incongruent with
his own.
• But in 1926, Jinnah shifted to the opposite view and began
supporting separate electorates. Still, overall, he retained the
belief that the rights of Muslims could be protected within a
united India.
 Cont….
• At that stage of his political career, Jinnah left Congress and
dedicated himself more fully to the Muslim League.
• By 1928, Jinnah’s busy political career had taken a toll on his
marriage, as he and his second wife separated.
• Rutti lived as a recluse at the Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay for
the next year, until she died on her 29th birthday.
• As a reaction to Nehru Report Mr. Jinnah gave his famous 14
points in 1929.
Jinnah’s 14 Points – March 1929
• Any future constitution should be federal, with
power resting with the provinces.
• All provinces should have the same amount of
autonomy.
• All legislatures and local bodies should be
constituted with adequate representation of
minorities.
• Muslims should have one-third of the seats in the
Central Assembly.
• Election should be by separate electorates.
 Cont….

• Any territorial changes should not affect the Muslim

majority in Bengal, the Punjab and the NWFP.
• Full liberty of belief and worship shall be granted to all
communities.
• No Bill shall be passed in any elected body if ¾ of any
community in that body opposed it.
• Sindh shall be separated from Bombay.
• There should be reforms in the NWFP and Baluchistan
to put them on the same footing as other provinces.
 Cont….
• Muslims should have an adequate share in the
services of the state.
• Muslim culture, education, language, religion and
charities should be protected by the constitution.
• All Cabinets (at central or local level) should have
at least 1/3 Muslim representation.
• The federation of India must not change laws without
the consent of the provinces.

During 1930s, Jinnah attended the Anglo-Indian Round

Table Conferences in London, and led the
recognition of the All India Muslim League.
 Round Table Conferences
The 1st Round Table Conference was started in Nov 1930.
Except Congress, all political parties of India participated.
Maharaja of Bikaner extended support from princely states for
all India Federation with some safeguards for states. Jinnah,
and Muhammad Shafi had supported Sapru’s demand for
Dominion Status and responsible government at the center for
India.
Eight sub-committees were constituted on federal structure,
provincial constitution, defense services and minorities.
Jinnah demanded constitutional safeguards for Muslims.
First Round Conference was closed on 19 January 1931.
 Cont….
The 2nd Round Table Conference was opened on 7th
September 1931.
Two main committees, federal structure & minorities
were formed.
Gandhi was the sole representative of Congress and
claimed himself the only representative of India. This
conference closed on 1st December 1931.
British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald appealed
for resolution of communal problem.
 Cont….
• The 3rd Round Table Conference was started on 17
November 1932.
• It was a short and un-important session because of
Congress boycott.
• Communal Award was published by the British
Government on August 1932 and right of separate
electorate was extended to different minorities
including Hindu untouchables.
 THE CONGRESS RULE
• A few high-handedness of Congress ministries are
appended below :-

• The Muslims were forbidden to eat beef.

• Every effort was made to humiliate Islam.
• A systematic policy was framed to erase the Muslim Culture.
• Hindi was enforced as official language.
• Azaan was forbidden and mosques were attacked.
• Noisy processions were organized in front of mosques
at prayer times.
• Pigs were pushed into the Mosques.
•Hindu-Muslim riots were maneuvered in various places
to make a pretext for sever action against Muslims.
•Bande Matram was adopted as national anthem.
•Wardha Scheme and Widdia Mander schemes sought to
isolate the young generation of the Muslims from their
religion, culture and civilization.
•Congress after taking over the powers ordered the hoisting
of tri-coloured flag of Congress with the British Union Jack.
•The Congress started a Muslim mass contact campaign with
a view to crush the popularity of Muslim League.
 Vision for Independent Homeland
• By 1939 Jinnah came to believe in a Muslim homeland on
the Indian sub-continent. He was convinced that this was the
only way to preserve Muslims’ traditions and protect their
political interests.

• His former vision of Hindu-Muslim unity no longer seemed

realistic to him at this time.

• During the 1940 meeting of the Muslim League at Lahore,

Jinnah proposed the partition of India and the creation of
Pakistan, in the area where Muslims constitute a majority.
 Pakistan Resolution
“No constitutional plan would be workable in this country or
acceptable to the Muslims unless it is designed on the following
basic principles; that geographically contiguous units are
demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with
such territorial re-adjustments as may be necessary that the areas
in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the
North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to
constitute ‘Independent States’ in which the constituent units
shall be autonomous and sovereign, that adequate, effective and
mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the
constitution for minorities for the protection of their religious,
cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights.”
 PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
“No constitutional plan will be workable in this country or
acceptable to the Muslims unless it is designed on the following
basic principles: that the geographically contiguous units are
demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with
such territorial re-adjustments as may be necessary that the
areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in
the North-West and Eastern zones of India should be grouped
to constitute ‘Independent States’ in which the constituent units
shall be autonomous and sovereign, that, adequate, effective
and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the
constitution for minorities for the protection of their religious,
cultural, economic, administrative and other rights.”
 Cont….
• The Muslim League adopted the Pakistan Resolution to
partition of India into states.
• Four years later, Britain sent a cabinet mission to India to
outline a constitution for transfer of power to India. India was
then divided into three territories:
 The first was a Hindu majority, which makes up present-day
India.
 The second was a Muslim area in the northwest, to be
designated as Pakistan.
 The third was made up of Bengal and Assam, with a narrow
Muslim majority.
 Cont….

• After a decade, the provinces would have the choice

of opting out on the formation of a new federation.

• But when the Congress president expressed some

objections to implementing the plan, Mr. Jinnah also
voted against it.
 Partition Plan - June 1947
The main characters of plan were:-

• The legislatures of Punjab and Bengal shall decide whether

the provinces should be divided or not.
• States should be free and independent to join one or the other
country.
• A boundary commission shall be setup which will demarcate
the boundaries of the countries.
• Both countries shall have their own Governor Generals who
will be the executive head of their respective countries.
• Military assets shall be divided amongst two countries after
partition.
Indian Independence Act -1947
On 14 July the Indian Independence bill was moved in the
British Parliament which became an act on 18 July 1947:
India was to be divided into two sovereign states of Pakistan
and India and the British control over India would come to
an end on 15th August 1947.
The princely states were given the option to join one or the
other country.
The act of 1935 was to remain in force until both countries
draft their own constitutions.
The Independent state of Pakistan that Jinnah had envisioned
came to be on 14 August 1947.
The following day Mr. Jinnah was sworn in as Pakistan’s
First Governor General.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah As
Governor General of Pakistan
• On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the
1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for 13 months.
• During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of
them are mentioned as under: 
• Formation of Federal Cabinet
Soon, Quaid-e-Azam took an immediate action and nominated members
of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly.
• Liaquat Ali Khan was elected as the First Prime Minister. Other members
of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took
oath on 15th August 1947. 
 Formation of Cabinet
• Members of the Cabinet
1. Sardar Abdul Rab Nisthar (Transport) 
2. Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Agriculture) 
3. Mr. Fazl-ur-Rahman (Education) 
4. Mr. I.I. Chundrigar (Industry) 
5. Mr. Ghulam Mohammad (Finance) 
6. Mr. Jogander Nath Mandal (Law) 
7. Sir Zafar Ullah Khan (Foreign Affairs)  
 Cont…
• Constitutional Problems
The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the
country as there was no constitution available of the
newly born State.
• Thus, this great achievement was done under the
administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 
• Establishment of Capital
Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan.  
 Cont…
• Provincial Governments:
Quaid-e-Azam elected the following as the
Chief Ministers of Provinces: 
Khan Iftikhar Hussain Mumdot - Punjab
Khuwaja Nazim-ud-Din - East Bengal
Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan - N.W.F.P
Mohammad Ayub Khurro - Sindh
Chief Commissioner (British) – Baluchistan
 Cont…
• Establishment of Administrative Headquarters. For
administrative reformation, a committee was set up and
Chaudhry Mohammad Ayub was made the Secretary General. Civil
Services were re-organized and the Civil Services Academy was
constituted.
• Moreover, Head quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set
up. An ammunition factory was also set up. 
• Attention to Foreign Affairs
Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-Azam paid his
utmost attention to Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations
with the neighboring and the developed countries that were the main
objective of the Foreign Policy. 
 Cont…
• Membership of UNO:
After independence, Quaid-e-Azam paid immediate
attention for acquiring membership of the United
Nations Organization (UNO).

On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became member

of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic
leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. 
 Cont….
• Implementation of Education Policy
Education plays an important role in the development of a
country. It improves living standard of a nation and development.
• Education sector also needed attention at the time of
independence. for this purpose, he held first Educational
Conference in 1947.
• Quaid e Azam wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve
his nation with honesty and national spirit. he made nation with
honesty and national spirit.
• He made acquisition of scientific and technological education
compulsory for the students. He did a lot to improve the
Education Policy of the country. 
 Death of Jinnah and his Legacy
• On 11 September 1948, just a little over a year after
he became Governor-General:-
• Jinnah died of tuberculosis in Karachi, the place
where he was born.
• Today, Jinnah is credited with having altered the
destiny of Muslims in the Indian sub-continent.
• In the wake of his death, Jinnah’s successors were
tasked with consolidating the nation of Pakistan that
Jinnah had so determinedly established.
 Cont….
• According to Richard Symons, Muhammad Ali
Jinnah "contributed more than any other man to
Pakistan’s survival."
• Jinnah’s dream for Pakistan was based on the
principles of social justice, brotherhood & equality,
which he aimed to achieve under his motto of:

"Faith, Unity and Discipline."