Lecture 29

BOILERS

Vividha Dhapte
M. Pharm

Lecture in Pharma Engineering

Dept. of Pharmaceutics,
Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, Pune
 Contents
1. Classification
Classification of Boilers
1. Fire Tube Boiler
2. Water Tube Boiler
3. Packaged Boiler
4. Fluidized Bed (FBC) Boiler
5. Stoker Fired Boiler
6. Pulverized Fuel Boiler
7. Waste Heat Boiler
8. Thermic Fluid Heater (not a boiler!)
1. Fire Tube Boiler
 Relatively small
steam capacities
(12,000 kg/hour)
 Low to medium
steam pressures
(18 kg/cm2)
 Operates with oil,
gas or solid fuels
2.Water Tube Boiler
 Used for high steam
demand and pressure
requirements
 Capacity range of 4,500
– 120,000 kg/hour
 Combustion efficiency
enhanced by induced
draft provisions
 Lower tolerance for
water quality and needs
water treatment plant
 3. Packaged Boiler
Comes in complete
To Chimney
package
Features
• High heat transfer
• Faster evaporation
• Good convective
heat transfer
• Good combustion
efficiency
Oil
Burner
• High thermal
efficiency
Classified based on
number of passes
4. Fluidized Bed Combustion
(FBC) Boiler
 Particles (e.g. sand) are suspended in high
velocity air stream: bubbling fluidized bed
 Combustion at 840° – 950° C
 Capacity range 0,5 T/hr to 100 T/hr
 Fuels: coal, washery rejects, rice husk,
bagasse and agricultural wastes
 Benefits: compactness, fuel flexibility,
higher combustion efficiency, reduced SO2
& NO2
4a. Atmospheric Fluidized Bed
Combustion (AFBC) Boiler
Most common FBC boiler that uses
preheated atmospheric air as
fluidization and combustion air

4b. Pressurized Fluidized Bed

Combustion (PFBC) Boiler
 Compressor supplies the forced draft
and combustor is a pressure vessel
 Used for cogeneration or combined
cycle power generation
4c. Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized
Bed Combustion (CFBC) Boiler

 Solids lifted from

bed, rise, return to
bed
 Steam generation in
convection section
 Benefits: more
economical, better
space utilization and
efficient combustion
5. Stoke Fired Boilers
a) Spreader stokers
 Coal is first burnt in suspension
then in coal bed
 Flexibility to meet load fluctuations
 Favored in many industrial
applications
5. Stoke Fired Boilers
b) Chain-grate or traveling-grate stoker

Coal is burnt on
moving steel grate
Coal gate controls
coal feeding rate
Uniform coal size
for complete
combustion
6. Pulverized Fuel Boiler
 Pulverized coal powder blown with
combustion air into boiler through burner
nozzles
 Combustion
temperature at 1300
-1700 °C
 Benefits: varying coal
quality coal, quick
response to load
changes and high pre-
heat air temperatures
7. Waste Heat Boiler
Used when waste heat
available at medium/high
temp
Auxiliary fuel burners
used if steam demand is
more than the waste
heat can generate
Used in heat recovery
from exhaust gases from
gas turbines and diesel
engines
8. Thermic Fluid Heater
 Wide application for indirect process heating
 Thermic fluid (petroleum-based) is heat
transfer medium
 Benefits:
Closed cycle = minimal losses
Non-pressurized system operation at 250
°C
Automatic controls = operational flexibility
Good thermal efficiencies
8. Thermic Fluid Heater 3. Heat transfer
through heat
exchanged

User equipment
2. Circulated
to user 4. Fluid
equipment returned to
heater
Control
panel

Insulated
outer wall
1. Thermic
fluid heated Blower Exhaust
motor
in the heater unit
Fuel oil
filter
 Water tube boiler
1. When water is contained inside the
tubes (called water tube) which are
surrounded by flames and hot gases
from outside, then the boilers are
named as water tube boilers.
2. They are safe, quick steaming,
flexible in construction and operation.
3. These boilers are extensively used
because they can be built for high
pressure and large evaporative
capacities.
Fire tube boiler
1. When the flames and hot gases,
produced by combustion of fuel, pass
through the tubes (called multitubes)
which are surrounded by water, then
the boilers are named as fire tube
boilers
2. They have an advantage of low cost
and compact design.
3. They are used where steam pressure
does not exceed about 10 bar and
where moderate quantity of steam is
required.

4. Examples: Babcock and Wilcox 4. Examples: simple vertical boiler,

boiler, sterling boiler, Lamont boiler, Lanchashire boiler, Cocharn boiler,
Benson Boiler, loeffler boiler Locomotive boiler.
 References
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler
• www.sazboilers.com
 Questions
1. Give classification of Boilers.
2. Compare between water tube and fire
tube boiler