Reinforced Concrete

Design
Concrete
• It is an artificial stone derived from a mixture of
properly proportioned amount of hydraulic cement,
fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water, with
or without admixtures.
 Portland
Concrete Design Mix
Chemical
Admixture Cement
Water
0% 12%
17%

Sand
Gravel
33%
38%

CONCRETE VOLUME

Typical distribution of raw materials by volume

for a normal strength concrete.
 Chemical
Concrete Design Mix
Gravel Water
Admixture
18% 0%
7%

Sand
7%
Portland
Cement
68%

CONCRETE COST
Note:
Cement accounts for most of the concrete raw material cost.
Reinforced Concrete
Is a composite material in which concrete’s relatively
low tensile strength and ductility are countered by
the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile
strength and ductility.
Choice of slump
If slump is not specified, a value appropriate for the work
can be selected from the given table:
Table A1.5.3.1 Recommended Slumps for
Various Types of Construction (SI)
Slump, mm
Types of construction
Maximum Minimum
Reinforced foundation walls and footings 75 25
Plain footings, caissons & substructure walls 75 25
Beams and reinforced walls 100 25
Building columns 100 25
Pavements and Slabs 75 25
Mass concrete 75 25
Slump Test
• Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability,
or fluidity.

• It's an indirect measurement of concrete

consistency or stiffness.
Types of Slumps
• The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and
according to the profile of slumped concrete, the
slump is termed as;
Apparatus
• Slump Mold
• Dimension of Slump Cone:
• Diameter of the base – 203 mm
• Diameter of the top – 102 mm
• Altitude – 305 mm
Apparatus
• Tamping Rod
• A tamping rod made of round, straight steel 16 mm in diameter and
approximately 600 mm in length,with the tamping end rounded to a
hemispherical tip of 16 mm diameter.
Apparatus
• Shovel / Scoop and Ruler
Procedure
1. To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more
regular intervals throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. DO
NOT take samples at the beginning or the end of the discharge.

2. Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-

absorbent, level surface large enough to accommodate both the
slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or, foot pieces throughout
the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.

3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with steel tamping rod.
Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the sample.
Procedure
4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating
into, but not through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of the layer.

5. Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into
but not through, second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of this layer.

6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod
as a screed. Clean overflow from base of cone.

7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the
concrete or tilt the cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone,
and place next to, but not touching the slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10
seconds with no lateral or torsional motion.)
 Procedure
8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount
of slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the
slumped concrete at a point over the original center of the base. The slump
operation shall be completed in a maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes.
Discard concrete. DO NOT use in any other tests.

Slump

Ruler

Slump Cone
Slump Test
Testing tip:
Since concrete setting is time and temperature
dependent, this test must be started within 5
minutes after obtaining the composite sample and
completed within 2 ½ minutes after the filling
process begins.
Water-cement ratio [w/c] or
water cementitious material ratio [w/(c+p)]

The required water cement ratio is determined not

only by strength requirements but also by factors such
as durability.
Since different aggregates, cements and cementitious
materials will produce different strength at the same
w/c ratio, it is highly desirable to have or develop the
relationship between strength and w/c ratio for the
materials actually to be used.
In the absence of such data, approximate and
relatively conservative values for concrete containing
Type I portland cement can be taken from table.
Table A1.5.3.4(a) Relationship between Water-cement Ratio
and Compressive Strength of Concrete (SI)

  Water-cement ration, by mass

Compressive strength at 28 Non-air-entrained Air-entrained

days, Mpa Concrete Concrete

40 0.42  
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
Maximum size of aggregate

Large nominal maximum sizes of well graded aggregates

have less voids than smaller sizes. Hence, concrete with
the larger-sizes well graded aggregates requires less
mortar per unit volume of concrete.
Generally, the nominal maximum size of aggregate
should be the largest that is economically available and
consistent with dimensions of the structure.
In no event should the nominal maximum size exceed
• one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between sides of forms,
• one-third the depth of slabs,
• nor three-fourths of the minimum clear spacing between
individual reinforcing bars, bundles of bars or pre-tensioning
strands.
2nd test: Making and curing test specimens

MAKING AND CURING

CONCRETE TEST
SPECIMENS IN THE
FIELD

29
Apparatus needed :Cylinder mold

30
Apparatus (Cylinder mold)
• We will need the following apparatus for the test.
Cylinder mold made of steel 150 mm. In diameter
and 300 mm in height constructed in the form of
right circular cylinders and the top open to receive
the concrete and shall be watertight and sufficiently
strong and tough to permit their used without
tearing, crushing or deforming.
Apparatus (Beam Mold)
• Beam mold ,
rectangular in shape
and having a length of
21". The cross section
shall be 6" by 6".
Apparatus (Tamping Rod)
Apparatus
(Tools such as shovels, pails, trowels, straight edge,
scoop and ruler)

34
Water storage tank

35
Sampling and mixing receptacle

36
II. MAKING AND CURING OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION
AND FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS IN FIELD
(AASHTO Designation T 23)
(ASTM Designation C 31)

For the method of making and curing concrete specimens in the

laboratory (AASHTO Designation T126)

1. Molding of (cylindrical specimens) compression test specimens

3 layers
25 blows/layer

24” 12”

1 set (3 cylinders) for every 75 m3 or

fraction thereof, each day of pouring
6”

5/8” Rammer
2. Molding of (Beam) Flexure Test Specimens
For Concrete Pavement
Beam Specimens
A= L x W
= 21” x 6”
= 126 sq. in.
1 Blow per 2 sq. in.
6”

126 blows
= 63
2 layer
6”

21”
2 layers
63 blows / layer using the
same rammer as in concrete
cylinder sample
3. CURING
A. Application of water to counteract evaporation
• Ponding
• Sprinkling
• Spraying
• Wet burlap
• Wet Earth
• Wet Sand
• Saw Dust
• Straw

B. Application of water proof paper or moisture retention cover sealing

curing compound

* Continuous moist curing at a temperature range of 15.5oC –

37.5oC gives the best results
 III. STRENGTH DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE
TEST SPECIMENS (AASHTO T 97)
1. Flexural Strength of Beam Specimens
a. Third Point Loading Method

R= PL = P 18 = P in #
6” x 6” x 6” 12 in2
bd2
//////////////
1 in Min.
Where:
R = Modulus of rupture, psi or Mpa
D = L/3
Specimen
P = Load in lbs. or in tons
L = Span length in inches
L/3 L/3 l/3
b = base in inches
Span Length d = depth
L
1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the
middle third of the span length.
PL
R =
bd2

2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of

the middle third of the span length by not more than
5 percent of the span length.
R = 3 Pa
bd2

Where:
a = average distance between line of fracture and the
nearest support measured on the tension surface of the
beam.
Example: Flexural Strength using the third point loading
Method, FS
1
FS = 2.40 tons x 2204.6 lbs X
= 440.92 psi
tons 12 in2

Mpa
FS = 440.92 psi x .006895 = 3.04 MPa
psi
 b. Center Point Loading Method:

1 in. min.
(25 mm)

L/3

L/2 L/2
Span Length,
L

3 PL
R= 2 bd2

Where: R = Modulus of Rupture

P = Load
L = Span length
b – base
d = depth
STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENS
(AASHTO Designation T 22)
(ASTM Designation C 39)

Rate of Loading for Compressive Strength test:

Load applied at a constant rate within range 20 to 50 psi / sec.
For Cylinder:
6”
Cross Sectional Area = IID2
4
Ac= 3.1416 (6”)2 = 28.27 in.2
4
12” Compressive Strength = 64,000 lbs X .006895 Mpa
28.27 in.2 psi
CS = 15.6 MPa

DPWH Spec’s (Blue Book)

Compressive Strength requirement – 24.1 Mpa (3,500 psi)
Min. at 14 days
REINFORCING STEEL BAR
 REINFORCING STEEL BAR

– a steel product of plain, round or deformed cross-section for

concrete reinforcement
 Classification
Deformed Steel Bar – surface of which is provided with lugs or
protrusions called deformation.

 Plain Steel Bar – without surface deformation

 Grade - Steel bar shall be graded according to its minimum

yield strength
 Grade 280 (40) bars are furnished only in sizes 3 through 6
(10 mm through 19 mm)

 Grade 520 (75) bars are furnished only in sizes through 18

(19 mm through 57 mm)
 Length – available at 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5 and 12.0 meters

 Sizes - 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm,

40mm and 50 mm in diameter
 Uses

 Embedded in concrete for purpose of resisting

particular stresses

 Control cracking of concrete structure

 Maintain the structural integrity of the slab between

transverse joints

 Prevents the progressive opening of cracks by

holding the edges of the cracks closely together
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirement

 Quality Test (Q.T.)

One (1) (Q.T.) for every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof for
each size

 Test Specimen :

1 – meter representative of the size of steel bar intended for test.

mark in the center of the test specimen a 200 mm ( 8 “ ) gage
length.

 Testing Equipment : Universal Machine - main equipment having

100 tons or 200,000 lbs. capacity
TESTS ON REINFORCING STEEL BARS
1. Variation in Mass
The test determines the actual size of the bar based on weight
Measurement per one-meter length and determines its variation to
the standard nominal mass per respective size of the steel bar

Variation in Mass, % :

Actual Mass of Specimen, kg/m - Nominal Mass, kg/m x

100
Nominal Mass, kg/m

DPWH Specification:
Variation in Mass, % : Shall not exceed 6% under nominal weight
except for bars smaller than 3/8 in. (10 mm)
plain round. In no case shall the overweight
be the cause for rejection.
Weight measurement per meter length of steel bar
 2. Determination of Tensile Properties

The test is intended to determine the yield and tensile strength of

the bar as well as its elongation, and is used to classify the bars
into grade.

Maximum Load the Specimen sustains during test

Tensile Strength = _____________”________________________________
Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen

Load sustain by the Specimen by the sudden halt of Load

Yield Point = _____________________________________________
Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen
 AASHTO M 31 ( 2003 )
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DEFORMED AND PLAIN STEEL BARS
FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Strength Requirements:
Grade Tensile Strenght , MPa, min. Yield Stenght , Mpa, min.

280 ( 40 ) 420 280

420 ( 60 ) 620 420
520 ( 75 ) 690 520

Elongation Requirements:

Bar Designation No. / mm Grade 280(40) Grade 420 (60) Grade 520(75)
No. 3 ( 10 ) 11 9 -

No. 4, 5 ( 13, 16 ) 12 9 -
No. 6 ( 19 ) 12 9 7

No. 7, 8 ( 22, 25 ) - 8 7
No. 9,10,11 ( 29, 32, 36 ) - 7 6
No. 14, 18 ( 43, 57 ) - 7 6
 Bending Requirement No cracking on outside bent

Variation in Mass, % 6.0 Max. under nominal mass

Phosphorous Content, % 0.06 Max.

Footnotes:

Grade 280 (40) are furnished only in sizes from 10 mm through 19 mm

Grade 420 (60) are furnished in all sizes from 10 mm to 57 mm

Grade 520 (75) are furnished only in sizes from 19 mm through 57 mm

53
 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 49: 2000
SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Strength Requirements:
MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH, Mpa MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH, Mpa
GRADE
Non - Weldable Weldable Non - Weldable Weldable

230 390 390 230 230

275 480 480 275 275

415 620 550 * 415 415 **

Elongation Requirements:
PERCENT ELONGATION
GRADE BAR DIAMETER, mm
NON – WELDABLE WELDABLE
230 < 25 mm 18 20

≥ 25 mm 16 18

275 < 25 mm 10 16

≥ 25 mm 8 14
425 < 25 mm 8 14

≥ 25 mm 7 12
 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 49: 2000
SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

Dimensional Properties
Nominal Diameter, mm
Parameters
10 12 16 20 25 28 32 36 40
Nominal Unit Mass, kg/m 0.616 0.888 1.578 2.466 3.853 4.834 6.313 7.990 9.865

Nominal X-Sect. Area, mm2 78.54 113.10 201.06 314.16 490.88 615.75 804.25 1017.88 1256.64

Max. Ave. Spacing, mm 7.0 8.4 11.2 14.0 17.25 19.6 22.4 25.2 28.0

Min. Lug Height, mm 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Max. Lug Height, mm 0.8 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0

Max. Summ. Of Gaps, mm 7.8 9.4 12.6 15.7 19.6 22.0 25.1 27.5 31.41
Variation in Mass, % ± 6 ± 6 ± 6 ±6 ± 6 ± 6 ± 6 ± 6 ± 6

Note : * Tensile srength shall not be less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength. TS / TY for
Weldable ≥ 1.25

** Yield Strength = 540 Mpa max.

TENSILE STRENGTH DETERMINATION OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS
3. Elongation : express as the increase in length of the gage length as a
percentage of the original gage length.

Elongation, % : Final Elongation, mm – Gage Length, mm x 100

Gage Length, mm

DPWH Specification:

Elongation, % : See Table (Based on the size of steel bar)

Measurement of rebar elongation

4. Phosphorous Content Determination
The test evaluates the ductile properties of rebars

DPWH Specification:

Phosphorous Content, % = 0.06 Max

5. Deformation Measurements (For deformed Bar)
 Average spacing (spacing between the lugs)

 Average Height (Height of the lug)

 Gap (Width of the Rib)

Measurement of rebar deformation

6. Determination of Bending Properties
The test is one of the methods in evaluating the ductile
properties of the reinforcing steel bars.

Reporting : Examine carefully the bent portion for any sign of cracking
on the outside bend and report with satisfactory when no
cracks appears and unsatisfactory when sign of crack
occurs.

Set cold bend apparatus then

place sample for bending test

Start the bending

operation using Universal
Testing Machine (UTM)
RCD Beams
Design Constant
Singly Reinforced
Beams
Singly Reinforced Beams
Design Method
•1.Convert
  the service loads or moments Mu. An
estimated beam weight may be included in the
dead load if desired. Load factors should be
applied.

1.4DL+1.7LL
Mu = φMn

2. Select a desired steel ratio ρ.

3. Determine
Assume b and compute the required d. b= d/2
approx.
5. Estimate h; h = d + cover
Compute the beam weight. Compare with the
estimated beam weight. If an estimated beam weight
was included.
•6.  Revise design Mu to include the moment due to
the beam’s weight using the latest weight
determined. Note that at this point, one could revert
to step 2 of procedure A, where the cross section is
known.
7.Determine the required d:
Compression Tension Relations

Balanced Condition
As*fy = 0.85*f’c*a*b
Over-Reinforced
As*fy > 0.85*f’c*a*b
Under-Reinforced
As*fy < 0.85*f’c*a*b
Stirrups
The design of bending members for shear is based on
the assumption that concrete resist part of the shear
and any excess over and above what the concrete
could carry should be resisted by shear
reinforcement which may take in several forms.
a. Vertical stirrups
b. Inclined or diagonal stirrups; and
c. The main reinforcement bent at ends to act as
inclined stirrups
Type of Shear Reinforcement

According to Section 5.11.5.1 of the Code, shear

reinforcement may consist of
a. Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member, and
b. Welded wire fabric with wires located
perpendicular to axis of member
Rebar Properties
• The Rebar Strength should not exceed 415 Mpa.
• Stirrups and other bars or wires used as share
reinforcement shall extend to a distance d from
extreme compression fiber and shall be anchored
at both ends to develop the design yield strength
reinforcement.
Exceptions
•   Shear reinforcements shall be provided in all reinforced
concrete flexural members except as follows:
1. slab and footings.
2. beams with any of the following:
a total depth less than 250mm,
2.5 times the flange thickness or
½ the width of the web, whichever is greater.
3. in concrete joist construction
4. where Vu <
Criteria Equations
•φVc
  = φ1/6
Vc = shear force that concrete alone resists
b = width of rectangular beam or
=width of web for a T-beam
d = effective depth of beam
Φ = strength reduction factor = 0.85

Vu = (for simply supported beams)

Spacing of Stirrups
•  S=
Vs = Vu/φ – Vc
Vs = Vn – Vc = nominal shear strength provided by
the shear reinforcement
Vn = Vu/φ
Vc = 1/6
when Vu > (needs stirrups)
Spacing Criterion
•  Smax = d/2 600mm if Vs 1/3
• Smax = d/2 if Vs > 1/3

• Smin > 2/3

• Smin = 75mm or 100mm
Minimum area of web
reinforcement
•  Av =

Av = 2As = (for 10mm φ stirrups)

b = width of rectangular beam or
= web width for T-beams
S = spacing of stirrups center to center (mm)
fy = yield strength of web reinforcement
Doubly Reinforced
Beams
Doubly Reinforced Beams
•  Where:

Mu = φ [

Mu = φ [(As-As’)fy() + As’fy(d-d’)]
Compression Reinforcement
•  When Compression Steel Yields, As’ =

• When Compression Steel doesn’t yields

As’ = fy/fs’
where
fs’ =
•  for members with compression
reinforcement, the portion of
equalized by compression
reinforcement need not be reduced
by the 0.75 factor.
Maximum Steel Area
•  Asmax = 0.75bd + As’fs’/fy

Where:
0.75bd =

As’fs’ =
Length Development
 
min(
Basic Development Length of
Bars
•For
  32mm and smaller

For 36mm

For deformed wire

Length of Development of
Positive Moment bars
• 
• is The length of Development
• is the nominal moment
• is the Factored Shear
• is the embedment length
Hooks
Splices
Lap Splices

Shall not be used bars larger than 32mm

Welded Splices
T-Beams
Cross-Sectional View
Types of analysis
Strain Diagram
• 

= 200000MPa

= 600
The c/d Ratio
Balanced Steel Area
Design of T-Beams with Negative
Moments
Code Requirements for T-Beams
The width of slab effective as a T-beam shall
not exceed ¼ of the span of the beam, and the
effective overhanging flange on each side of
the web shall not exceed:
a. 8 times the slab thickness, and
b. ½ the clear distance to the next web.
Code Requirements for T-Beams
For beams with slab on one side only, the
effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a. 1 ½ the span length of the beam
b. 6 times the slab thickness, and
c. ½ the clear distance to the next
web.
For Interior Beam For End Beam
•:   •is  the smallest of:
1. L/4 1. L/12 +
2. 16t + 2. 6t +
3. 3.
For Symmetrical Interior Beams (
 
= )
•:  
1. L/4
2. 16t +
3. center to center spacing of the beam.
Transverse Reinforcement
• Transverse reinforcement shall be designed to carry
the factored load on the overhanging slab width
assumed to act as a cantilever. For isolated beam,
the full width of the overhanging flange shall be
considered. For other T-beams, only the effective
overhanging slab needs to be considered.
• Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not
farther apart than five times the slab thickness, nor
mm.
RCD Column
Types of Columns
Tied columns
Spiral Columns
Composite Columns
Short Column vs Long Column
•If  L<3*min(h,b) it’s a Short Column

Short Columns are called Pedestal

Pedestal may be designed without
reinforcements if the imposed
compression is less than 0.85
P-Delta Moment
Axial Load Capacity
• 

Where
= Nominal Strength
= Ultimate Load
= Reduction Factor
= Concrete Strength
= Gross area of the Column
= Area of Steel
Minimum Moment Load
• For Tied Column, Eccentricity of the
Column is 0.01h

• For Spiral Column, Eccentricity of

the Column is 0.05h
Reduction Factor
•For
  Tied Column
= 0.80
= 0.70
For Spiral Column
= 0.85
=0.75
Min. Number of Longitudinal
Bars
• for Rectangular and Circular Tied
Column is 4

• for Triangular Tied Column is 3

• for Spiral Column is 6

Longitudinal bars
• 

• 0.01Ag < Ast < 0.06Ag

Lateral Ties
• 10 mm for Longitudinal bars with
32mm or smaller

• 12mm for Longitudinal bars with

36mm or larger and for bundled
Longitudinal bars
Spacing of Lateral Ties
The spacing of these ties shall not
exceed:
• 16 longitudinal bar diameter,
• 48 tie bar diameter or
• the least dimension of the
compression member.
Spirals
•  For Cast-in-place, Minimum size is 10 mm
• Ratio of Volume of Steel to Volume of Gross area is
derived by the equation:

Minimum ratio can be derived by:

Spacing of Spiral Ties
• Minimum Spacing of Spirals is 25mm
• Maximum Spacing of Spiral is 75mm
Composite Column
Axial Load Capacity
• 

Where
= Yield strength
= Area of Steel
= Net Concrete Area
= 0.75 for with spiral ties
= 0.70 for with other reinforcement
Moment Loading
General Rule

• When the Fiber experiences

Tension, a steel entity must be
present to resist it.
• When the Fiber experiences
Compression, the steel entity
must be present to resist it.
Slab
Types of Slabs
Type of Slab
One Way Slab
Section 409.6.2 NSCP 6th Ed. 2010
Definition
L/a > 2

a L
Thickness of Slab
• 
t= simply supported

t= one-end continuous

t= both-end continuous

t= cantilevered section
Thickness of Slab
Slab Thickness
• Thickness of slab should not be less
than 75mm.
• Spacing of temperature bars should not
be greater than 5t or 500mm.
• If the slab is permanently exposed to
the ground, minimum concrete cover is
70mm clear.
Main Bars
•  Main Bars are parallel to the shorter side
• Minimum steel bars = 12mm φ
• Spacing of main bars should not be greater
than 3t nor 450mm and not less than
100mm
• Number of bars needed in one-meter width
of slab:
S = → spacing of main bars
Temperature Bars
• Temperature Bars are Parallel to
your longer side
• Minimum temperature bars =
10mm φ
• Spacing of temperature bars should
not be greater than 5t or 500mm.
Steps in Design
•1.  Assume thickness of slab using the
minimum requirement of the code.
2. Consider one-meter strip of slab.
3. Compute the factored load:
4. Compute the ultimate moment Mu = 1/8 *
for simply supported span only.
Steps in Design
•6.  Compute “w” from the relation:
Mu =
7. Compute
ρ = wfc’/fy
8. Check whether
<ρ<
Steps in Design
•Note:
 
when ρ > ,
increase the thickness of the slab.

when ρ < ,
decrease the thickness of the slab.
Steps in Design
•9.  Compute the steel area required:
As = ρbd

10. Compute the spacing of 12mmφ or bigger

diameter bars than 12mmφ.
S = < 3t or 450mm
Steps in Design
•11.
  Compute the area of temperature bars needed.
>
→ for grade 300
→ for grade 400
12. Compute the spacing of temperature bars.
S = < t or 500mm
Two Way Slab
Definition

L
b

L/b ≤ 2
Column Strip
and
Middle Strip
Drop Panels
Drop Panels
(Section 413.3.5)
Drop Panel is utilized to reduce the
amount of negative moment
reinforcement over a column or
minimum required thickness
Drop Panels

• It has a thickness of at least ¼ of

the adjacent slab
• Half of its width should be at
least 1/6 of the span
Minimum Slab Thickness
The minimum thickness of slabs without interior
beams spanning between the supports shall be in
accordance with the provisions of Table 409.13 and
shall not be less than the following values:
a. Slabs without drop panels 125mm
b. Slabs with drop panels 100mm
Thickness Requirements
•  h=

=
Minimum Thickness of Slabs
Without Interior Beams
Moment Resistance of Slab
•The
  total moment that is resisted by the slab equals
absolute sum of positive and average negative
factored moments in each direction shall not be less
than:
Mo =

where is the factored load in Pa or kPa.

Main Bars
Main Bars
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
• BASE SHEAR – V, total design lateral force or shear
at the base of a structure

• SHEAR WALL – is a wall designed to resist lateral

forces parallel to the place of the walls and frames
designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to
their relative rigidities, considering interaction
between shear walls and frames on all levels
Soft Story – in one which lateral stiffness is less than 70
percent of the stiffness of the story above

Story Drift – is the lateral displacement of one level

relative to the level above or below

Story Drift Ratio – is the story drift divided by the story

height

Story Shear – is the summation of design lateral forces

above the story under consideration

Weak Story – is one which the story strength is less than

80 percent of the story above
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