ECE 1311

Electric Circuit
Chapter 4
Circuit Theorems

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Circuit Theorems - Chapter 4

4.1 Motivation
4.2 Linearity Property
4.3 Superposition
4.4 Source Transformation
4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
4.6 Norton’s Theorem
4.7 Maximum Power Transfer
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 4.1 Motivation (1)
• Solve for v0 as a function of Vs.

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11:10 PM Dr. AHM Zahirul Alam
 4.2 Linearity Property (1)
It is the property of an element describing a linear
relationship between cause and effect.
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related
(or directly proportional) to its input.

Homogeneity (scaling) property

v=iR → kv=kiR

Additive property

v1 = i1 R and v2 = i2 R

→ v = (i1 + i2) R = v1 + v2
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 4.2 Linearity Property (2)
Example 1

Assume Io = 1 A, use linearity to find the actual

value of Io in the circuit shown below.

*Refer to in-class illustration, text book, answer Io = 3A 6

Assume that Vo = 1V and use linearity property
to calculate the actual value of Vo in the circuit.
11:10 PM Dr. AHM Zahirul Alam
11:10 PM Dr. AHM Zahirul Alam
 4.3 Superposition Theorem (1)
It states that the voltage across (or current
through) an element in a linear circuit is the
algebraic sum of the voltage across (or currents
through) that element due to EACH independent
source acting alone.

The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a

linear circuit with more than one independent source
by calculating the contribution of each independent
source separately.

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (2)
We consider the effects of 8A and 20V one
by one, then add the two effects together
for final vo.

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4.3 Superposition Theorem (3)
Steps to apply superposition principle

1. Turn off all independent sources except one

source. Find the output (voltage or current)
due to that active source using nodal or
mesh analysis.

2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent

sources.

3. Find the total contribution by adding

algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources. 12
4.3 Superposition Theorem (4)
Two things have to be keep in mind:

1. When we say turn off all other independent

sources:
 Independent voltage sources are replaced
by 0 V (short circuit) and
 Independent current sources are replaced
by 0 A (open circuit).

2. Dependent sources are left intact because

they are controlled by circuit variables.

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 4.3 Superposition Theorem (5)
Example 2: Use the superposition theorem to find v in
the circuit shown below.

3A is discarded
by open-circuit

6V is discarded
by short-circuit

*Refer to in-class illustration, text book, answer v = 10V 14

4.3 Superposition Theorem (5)
Example 2

Use the superposition theorem to find

v in the circuit shown below.

3A is discarded
by open-circuit

6V is discarded
by short-circuit

*Refer to in-class illustration, text book, answer v = 10V 15

 4.3 Superposition Theorem (6)
Example 3
Use superposition to find vx in
the circuit below.

2A is discarded by
open-circuit 10V is discarded
Dependant source
by open-circuit
keep unchanged
20  v1 20  v2

+ 4 0.1v1
10 V  2A
4 0.1v2

(a) (b)
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*Refer to in-class illustration, text book, answer Vx = 12.5V
 4.3 Superposition Theorem (6)
Example 3

Use superposition to find vx in

the circuit below.

2A is discarded by
open-circuit 10V is discarded
Dependant source
by open-circuit
keep unchanged
20  v1 20  v2

+ 4 0.1v1
10 V  2A
4 0.1v2

(a) (b)
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*Refer to in-class illustration, text book, answer Vx = 12.5V
4.4 Source Transformation (1)
+ +
Req
- -
terminal of the
(a) Independent source transform
+ +
Req
- -
(b) Dependent source transform
•The arrow of the
current source is
directed toward
the positive
voltage source.
•The source
transformation is
not possible when
R = 0 for voltage
source and R = ∞
for current source.
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 4.4 Source Transformation (2)
• An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i
characteristics are identical with the original
circuit.
• It is the process of replacing a voltage source
vS in series with a resistor R by a current source
iS in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.

vs
vs  is R or is 
R
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4.4 Source Transformation (3)
+ +
-
(a) Independent source transform
- terminal of the
+ +
- -
(b) Dependent source transform
•The arrow of the
current source is
directed toward
the positive
voltage source.
•The source
transformation is
not possible when
R = 0 for voltage
source and R = ∞
for current source.
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 4.4 Source Transformation (4)
Example 4

Find io in the circuit shown below using source transformation.

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer io = 1.78A 21

 4.4 Source Transformation (5)
Example

Find ix in the circuit shown below using source transformation.

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer ix = 7.056 mA 22

 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem (1)
It states that a linear two-
terminal circuit (Fig. a) can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit
(Fig. b) consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a
resistor RTh,

where
• VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals.

• RTh is the input or equivalent

resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off. 23
 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem (2)
Example 5
Using Thevenin’s theorem, find
the equivalent circuit to the left 6 6
of the terminals in the circuit
shown below. Hence find i. 4 RTh

(a)

6

+
2A 6 4 VTh
2A


(b)

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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer VTH = 6V, RTH = 3, i = 1.5A
 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem (3)
Example 5
Using Thevenin’s theorem, 6 6

find the equivalent circuit to

the left of the terminals in the 4 RTh

circuit shown below. Hence

find i. (a)

6

+
2A 6 4 VTh
2A


(b)

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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer VTH = 6V, RTH = 3, i = 1.5A
 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem (4)
5 Ix 3 a
Example 6
Find the Thevenin equivalent + i2
+
VTh
circuit of the circuit shown 6V  i1 4 
1.5Ix
below to the left of the i1 i2

terminals. o
b
(a)

0.5I 3 Ix a
i
x

5 1.5Ix 4 + 1V


(b)
b
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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer VTH = 5.33V, RTH = 3
 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem (4)
5 Ix 3 a
Example 6
+
i2
Find the Thevenin equivalent 6V
+
 i1
VTh
4 
circuit of the circuit shown 1.5Ix
below to the left of the i1 i2

terminals. o
b
(a)

0.5I 3 Ix a
i
x

5 1.5Ix 4 + 1V


(b)
b
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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer VTH = 5.33V, RTH = 3
 Example
• Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals
a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.107.

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 Assignment#4
Due: 24-25/01/2011
• 4.4, 4.19, 4.26, 4.34, 4.39

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 Reminder
• Mid-Term exam

• Friday Jan 28 from 8:00-10:00pm

• Venue: Architecture Gallery
• Time: 8:00 pm – 10:00 pm

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 4.6 Norton’s Theorem (1)
It states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit of a current source
IN in parallel with a resistor RN,

Where

• IN is the short circuit current through

the terminals.
• RN is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.
The Thevenin’s and Norton equivalent circuits
are related by a source transformation. 31
 4.6 Norton’s Theorem (2)
Example 7 2vx
i
Find the Norton equivalent + 
+ +
circuit of the circuit shown vx
6 2
vx
1V
+
ix 
below.
 

(a)

2vx

+ 
+
vx Isc
6 10 A 2


(b)

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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, RN = 1, IN = 10A.
 4.6 Norton’s Theorem (3)
Example 7 2vx
i
+ 
Find the Norton equivalent + +
vx vx +
circuit of the circuit shown 
6
ix
2
 1V 
below.
(a)

2vx

+ 
+
vx Isc
6 10 A 2


(b)

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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, RN = 1, IN = 10A.
 Example
• Find the Thèvenin and Norton
equivalents at terminals a-b of the
circuit shown in Fig. 4.108.

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4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (1)
If the entire circuit is replaced
by its Thevenin equivalent
except for the load, the power
delivered to the load is:
2
 VTh 
P  i RL  
2
 RL
 RTh  RL 
For maximum power dissipated
in RL, Pmax, for a given RTH,
and VTH,
2
VTh
RL  RTH  Pmax  The power transfer profile
4 RL with different RL 35
4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (2)
• Find the value of RL for maximum
power transfer in the circuit and
determine the maximum power

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4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (3)
Example 8
Determine the value of RL that
will draw the maximum power
from the rest of the circuit
shown below. Calculate the
maximum power.
vx 4 vx 4
+  v0 + 

i
Fig. a
2 2
+
1 1
VTh => To determine RTH
+ 1V + 9V io

 
+ + Fig. b
 
3vx 3vx
=> To determine VTH

(a) (b)

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, RL = 4.22, Pm = 2.901W 37

 Assignment#5
Due Thursday 26-27/01/2011

• 4.47, 4.48, 4.60, 4.66, 4.71

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 Quiz
• Use Thevenin’s theorem to find V0
 Quiz
• Use Norton’s theorem to find V0