Welcome to

Our Presentation
 Presented by Group :- 1
Sl No Name Roll No
01 Md. Mehedi Hasan 17-AIS-051
02 Md Sabbir Ahmed 17-AIS-062
03 Mammon Chakma 17-AIS-073
04 Md. Rejaul Karim 17-AIS-031
05 Anando Kumar das 17-AIS-041
06 Gopal Karmakar 17-AIS-001
07 Abdul Ahad 17-AIS-004
08 Md. Rakib Sarowar 17-AIS-015
09 Md. Nazmul Islam 16-AIS-008
10 Shanti Ranjan Howlader 17-AIS-026
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Experimental Research

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 Experimental Research
▷ Experimental is the most scientifically sophisticated
research method
▷ It is defined as ‘observation under controlled
conditions’.
▷ Experimental research design are concerned with
examination of the effect of independent variable on
the dependent variable, where the independent
variable is manipulated through treatment or
intervention(s), & the effect of those interventions is
observed on the dependant variable

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 Experimental Research

Variables:
▷ Independent Variable – is presumed
to cause changes to occur in
another variable, experimental or
treatment variable
▷ Dependent Variable / Measured
Variable – what changes because of
another variable, the effect or
outcome variable

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Designing an Experiment to
Minimize Experimental Error

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 Basic Issue Of Experimental Design
▷ Manipulation of the independent variable
▷ Selection and measurement of the dependent
variable

▷ Selection and assignment of experimental

subjects
▷ Control over extraneous variables

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Manipulation of Independent Variable
▷ Classificatory Vs. continuous variables
▷ Experimental and control groups
▷ Treatment levels
▷ More than one independent variable

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 Selection and Measurement of the
Dependent Variable
▷ Selecting of dependent variable e.g... sales
volume, awareness, recall.
▷ Measurement of dependent variable.
▷ Consider the difficulties of selecting right
dependent variable

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Selection and Assignment of Test Units
▷ Test Units: Subjects or entities whose response
to the experimental treatment are measured or
observed.
▷ Systematic or non sampling error
▷ Randomization
▷ Matching Subjects

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 Control Over Extraneous Variables

▷ Experimental confounds: A confound means that there

is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental
variable for any observed differences in the dependent
variable
▷ Extraneous variables : Variables that naturally exist in
the environment that may have some systematic effect
on the dependent variable.

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Demand Characteristics

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 Demand Characteristics
Demand Characteristics in Psychology Experiments. In a
psychological experiment, a demand characteristic is a
subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the
experimenter expects to find or how participants are
expected to behave.

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Experimenter bias and demand effects

The experimenter unintentionally can create a demand effect by

smiling, nodding, or frowning at the wrong time.

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 Hawthorne Effect
The Hawthorne Effect is the inclination of people who are
the subjects of an experimental study to change or improve
the behaviour being evaluated only because it is being
studied and not because of changes in the experiment
parameters or stimulus.

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 Reducing demand characteristics

▷ Use lab experimental disguise.

▷ Isolate experimental subjects.
▷ Use a “blind’’ experimental
administrator.
▷ Administer only one experimental
treatment level to each subject.

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 Establishing control &
Ethical issues in experimental
research

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 Establishing control
The control process involves carefully collecting
information about a system, process, person, or group of
people in order to make necessary decisions about each.
Managers set up control systems that consist of four key
steps:
▷ Establish standards to measure performance
▷ Measure actual performance
▷ Compare performance with the standards
▷ Take corrective actions

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 Ethical issues in experimental research

Researchers face ethical challenges in all stages of the

study, from designing to reporting. These include
anonymity, confidentiality, informed consent, researchers'
potential impact on the participants and vice versa:
The major ethical issues in experimental research are:
▷ Informed consent
▷ Beneficence- Do not harm
▷ Respect for anonymity and confidentiality
▷ Respect for privacy

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Practical Experimental Design
Issues

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 Basic versus Factorial Experimental
Designs
Factorial experimental designs are more sophisticated than basic
experimental designs and allow for an investigation of the
interaction of two or more independent variables.

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Laboratory Experiments
In a laboratory experiment the
researcher has more complete
control over the research setting
and extraneous variables. Our
example of the financial protocol
experiment illustrates the benefits
of a laboratory setting. The
researchers were able to control for
many factors, such as the size of
the data file, the models of the
computers, the Internet line, and so
forth.
Field Experiments
Field experiments are research
projects involving experimental
manipulations that are implemented
in a natural environment. They can be
useful in fine-tuning managerial
strategies and tactical decisions. Our
self-efficacy study is an example of a
field experiment. Rather than bring
subjects into an artificial setting and
trying to manipulate their self-
efficacy and then measure their
perceptions of job satisfaction, the
researchers took their experiment to
the field and used actual employees,
which were provided feedback from
their supervisors.
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 Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects
Designs

Within-Subjects: Same subject is measured after being

exposed to each treatment.
Between-Subjects: Each subject is measured only once
after being exposed to one treatment.

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Issues of Experimental Validity

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 Issues of Experimental Validity

▷ Internal Validity
▷ External Validity
▷ Trade-Offs Between Internal and External
Validity

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Factors Influencing Internal Validity

▷ Manipulation Checks
▷ Extraneous Variable

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Types of Extraneous Variable

▷ History
▷ Maturation
▷ Testing
▷ Instrumentation
▷ Selection
▷ Mortality

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External Validity

▷ Student Subjects

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Trade-Offs Between Internal and External
Validity
▷ Trade-Offs Between Internal and External
Validity

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Classification of Experimental
Design

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 Basic Experimental Design
An experimental design in which only one variable is
manipulated is called a Basic Experimental Design

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 Basic Experimental Design

There are three basic types of experimental design

▷ Pre-experimental
▷ Quasi-experimental
▷ True experimental

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Symbolism for Diagramming Experimental
Designs
The following symbols are used in describing the various
experimental designs:
▷ X = exposure of a group to an experimental treatment
▷ O = observation or measurement of the dependent variable; if
more than one observation or measurement is taken, subscripts
(that is, O1, O2, etc.) indicate temporal order
▷ R = random assignment of test units; R symbolizes that
individuals selected as subjects for the experiment are
randomly assigned to the experimental groups

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 One Shot Design

▷ A single measure is recorded after the treatment is

administered.
▷ Study lacks any comparison or control of extraneous
influences.
▷ To remedy this design, a comparison could be made
with another group.
▷ One-shot design is diagrammed as: X O1

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 One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

▷ Subjects are measured before and after treatment is

administered.
▷ Uncontrolled-for threats to internal validity exist.
▷ To remedy this design, a comparison group could be
added.
▷ One-Group Pretest-Posttest design is diagrammed as:
O1 X O2

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 Static Group Design

▷ Use of two existing, or intact groups.

▷ Experimental group is measured after being exposed to
treatment.
▷ Control group is measured without having been
exposed to the treatment.
▷ Static Group design is diagrammed as:
Experimental group: X O1
Control group: O2

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Three alternative experimental
designs

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Three alternative experimental designs

▷ Pretest and posttest control group designs

▷ Posttest only control group designs
▷ compromise designs.

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 Pretest And Posttest Control Group Design Or
Before - After With Control

A type of true experimental design where test units are randomly

allocated to an experimental group and a control group. Both groups
are measured before and after the experimental group is exposed to
a treatment.
A pretest–posttest control group design, or before–after with control
group design, is the classic experimental design:
Experimental group : R O1 X O2
Control group : R O3 O4
The effect of the experimental treatment equals:
(O2 – O1) – (O4 – O3)

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 Posttest only control group design

▷ The posttest-only control group design is a research design in

which there are at least two groups, one of which does not
receive a treatment or intervention, and data are collected on the
outcome measure after the treatment or intervention. The
posttest-only control group design, or after-only with control
group design, is diagrammed as follows:
Experimental group : R X O1
Control group :R O2
▷ The effect of the experimental treatment is equal to (O1 – O2).

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 Compromise Designs

▷ A compromise design is one that falls short of assigning subjects

or treatments randomly to experimental groups.

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Time Series Designs

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 Time Series Designs

▷ Time series design is useful when the researcher

intends to measure the effects of a treatment over a
long period of time.
▷ The researcher would to continue to administer the
treatment and measure the effects a number of times
during the course of the experiment.
▷ In a single-subject research, in which the researcher
carries out an experiment on a individual or on a small
number of individuals.

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 Time Series Designs

EXP GROUP 01 02 03 Treatment 01 02 03

Example:
Measurement of a learners performance in a college on
weekly basis and then introducing a new teaching
technique. Then again measuring on weekly basis.

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 Time Series Designs
Advantages
Where the sample size is small , and where randomization
and availability of control group is not possible, this
design is preferred.
Disadvantage
In this design there is no control over extraneous
variables influencing the dependent variable.

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Complex Experimental Design

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 Complex Experimental Design

▷ Completely Randomized Design

▷ Randomized Block Design
▷ Factorial Designs

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 Completely Randomized Design
▷ In a completely randomized design, objects or subjects are
assigned to groups completely at random.
▷ One standard method for assigning subjects to treatment
groups is to label each subject, then use a table of random
numbers to select from the labelled subjects.
▷ This may also be accomplished using a computer.
▷ One of the most widely used experimental designs.
▷ This design is especially suited for field experiment where
the number of treatments is not large.
▷ The primary feature is the presence of blocks of equal size,
each of which contains all treatments.

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 Randomized Block Design
▷ If an experimenter is aware of specific differences among groups
of subjects or objects within an experimental group, he or she
may prefer a randomized block design to completely randomized
design.
▷  In a block design, experimental subjects are first divided into
homogenous blocks before they are randomly assigned to a
treatment group.
▷  If, for instance, an experimenter had reason to believe that age
might be a significant factor in the effect of a given medication, he
might choose to first divide the experimental subjects into age
groups, such as under 30 years old, 30 to 60 years old, and over
60 years old.
▷  Then within age level, individuals would be assigned to treatment
group using a completely randomized design.
▷  In a block design, both control and randomization are considered
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 Factorial Designs
▷ In an experiment, independent variable is often called as factor,
especially in experiments that includes two or more independent
variable.
▷  A research that includes two or more factors is called as factorial
design.
▷  This kind of design is often referred to by the number of its
factors as a two factor designs for three factor design.
▷ A research study with only one independent variable is often
called as single factor design.
▷  Each factor is denoted by letter (A,B,C).
▷  Factorial designs are notation system that identifies both the
number of factors and the number of values or levels that exist for
 each factor.
▷ Types of factorial design: 1. simple factorial design
2.Complex factorial design 
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Thanks!
Any questions?

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