FOREIGN POLICY

AND
FOREIN RELATIONS
OF
PAKISTAN
 SEQUENCE
Foreign Policy Defined
Objectives of Foreign Policy
Determinants of Foreign Policy
Elements Affecting Foreign Policy
Phases of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
Relations Between Pakistan & China
Relations of Pakistan With The USA
Relations Between Pakistan And India
 FOREIGN POLICY DEFINED

1. “A foreign policy is the external policy of an independent,

sovereign state which it pursues in its relations with other
. nations of the world in order to seek its national
interest.”

2. “ A foreign policy is the external policy of the state which

it pursues to preserve its ideological character, to safeguard
its territorial integrity, to maintain its political sovereignty and
to guarantee its economic well being”
 OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY

 National Security.

 Territorial Integrity.

 Economic well being.

 National prestige.
 Cont…

DETERMINANTS OF A FOREIGN POLICY

 Geo-Political Settings / External Environment

 Historical Legacies and Past Traditions.
 Socio-Economic Condition.
 Political Systems and Structure.
 Ideological Considerations.
 Decision Makers Dreams, Images & Motives.
 Power Considerations.
 National Interest.
ELEMENTS AFFECTING FOREIGN
POLICY
 Technology leaves impact on foreign policy.

 The national capacity of a state also exercises

profound influence on the foreign policy of state.

 The social structure of a society also exercises

profound influence on its foreign policy.

 Public opinion is another important element of

country’s foreign policy.
 Cont…

 The political organization found in a country also

greatly influences the foreign policy i. e, under the
authoritarian systems quick foreign policy decisions
are taken.

 The press / media also plays a vital role in foreign policy

formulation process.

 The nature of political accountability prevailing in a

system also greatly influences the foreign policy of the
state.
 The leadership also plays a vital role in shaping of a
country’s foreign policy.
 Cont…
 The great power structure prevailing in the world
politics also greatly influence the policy of a country.
 While making foreign policy the state has to take
note of the international law, treaties and contracts.
 While formulating its foreign policy a country has to
take note of the reaction of other states to its various
actions.
 Alliances concluded by various states also greatly
influence the foreign policy.
 The world public opinion also influences the state’s
foreign policy.
 SOME PHASES OF PAKISTAN’S
FOREIGN POLICY

Phase-I 1947-53 (The Era of Neutrality)

Phase-II 1954-62 (The Era of Alignment)
(1) Pak-US Mutual Defense
Assistance Agreement.
(2) South-East Asian Treaty
Organization (SEATO)
(3) Central Treaty Organization
(CENTO)
 Cont…
Phase-III 1963-77 (The Era of Bilateralism)

Phase-IV 1978-89(The Era of Non Alignment)

Phase-V 1999 Onwards (Quest for Multilateral

Foreign Policy)

Restructuring of Foreign Policy:-

A dire need is felt to revisit our foreign policy keeping in view
the remarkable changes at international level to cope up with
the world politics & in the best interest of our beloved country.
RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND CHINA

Pakistan and china are the neighbouring countries. They

have common boundary of about 600 km long. Their
bilateral relations depend upon the glorious traditions and
close friendship. Pakistan recognized China on its birth in
October 1949 and developed good relationship with it.
 START OF PAK CHINA FRIENDSHIP
The Prime Ministers of both the countries met in Bandung
conference in 1955 and after that a series of mutual visits
is continued up till now. The heads of states and
governments of both the countries have made many
visits.
 Cont…

 SETTLEMENT OF BOUNDARIES
In 1961, the efforts to resolve the boundary issue were
started and it was completed in 1963. This strengthened
the good relationship, and trade pact was signed by them.
Pakistan Air Lines started its flights to Beijing in the
early 1960s.
 SUPPORT AT INDO-PAK WARS
The President of Pakistan visited China in February 1964,
and China supported the claim of Pakistan to resolve the
Kashmir issue peacefully.
In the Indo-Pak war of 1965, China supported Pakistan
and provided arms.
 Cont…

 ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL AID

China gave economic and technical aid to Pakistan is

establishing industries, which included Taxila Industrial
Complex and its affiliated plans, setting up the machine
tools factory at Karahi and Sports Complex at Islamabad.
 CONSTRUCTION OF SILK ROUTE
The Silk-Route of Karakoram was completed in 1969, that
connected Pakistan with China by road. It helped in
frequent exchange of delegations and establishment of
close relationship. The air contact was also established
between both the countries.
 Cont…

 DEFENSE PACTS

Many defense pacts were concluded between Pakistan

and China in 1985.
According to that China provided economic & technical
assistance in building / developing the Kamra Complex
and Ordinance factory at Wah.
Likewise, China also provided the assistance of Rs. 273
million for setting up Heavy Electric Complex in NWFP.
 Cont…
 SUPPORT TO CHINA
Pakistan also sided with China and supported it for its
permanent membership of Security Council of United
Nations.
Pakistan played an important role in establishing the close
relations of United States with China.
Pakistan supported china on the issue of the presence of
foreign troops in Kampochia and the China supported
Pakistan on the issue of the Russian intervention in
Afghanistan.
 Cont…
 BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO
COUNTRIES
The bilateral relations between Pakistan and China were
established and Chinese Prime Minister, Defense Minister
and Chairman peoples Congress visited Pakistan in 1987,
February 1999 and April 1999 respectively.

Again the Chinese Prime Minister visited Pakistan in 2001

and president of Pakistan visited China in 2001 and 2002.

The mutual strong relationship of both countries has helped

them to come closer.
 RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND
THE USA

 Pakistan was born in chaos and crisis. It had to face the

security problems from the very first day of its coming into
existence due to the hostile attitude of the Indian politicians
who eagerly looked for the opportunity to undo the partition
of the sub-continent.
 On the very outset Pakistan became heavily dependent on
the foreign assistance both in economic and military spheres
for her survival. India’s continued threats and
domineering posture compelled Pakistan to look for ways to
protect her territorial integrity.
 Cont…

 In the early 1950’s the US had delineated a programme

known as ‘Marshal Plan’ which aimed at the recovery of
Europe and extending assistance to various Asian
countries.

 After the partition, the US immediately extended an

invitation to the Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan to visit
Washington.

 The USSR had also extended the invitation to Pakistan

for a visit to Moscow by the Prime Minister Liaqat Ali
Khan.
 Cont…

 Liaqat Ali Khan preferred to visit Washington which

confirmed Pakistan’s tilt towards West.

 Liaqat Ali Khan’s visit to the US in 1950 and the Korean

crisis in 1951 paved the way for close relationship between
Pakistan and the US.

 By 1953 two countries had come to understand each other’s

point of view and the stage was ready for the mutual co-
operation.

 As a consequent to visit by Liaqat Ali Khan Pakistan

received aid from the USA. In November 1953, Mr. Ghulam
Muhammad visited the USA.
 Cont…

 Pakistan sincerely pursued its pro-west policy till 1958.

The US on the other hand, in negation to it
commitments, demonstrated its keenness to go to the
Indian side.

 The US extended lavish military assistance to India

during the Sino-Indian border clash in 1962.

 The manner and speed with which the US extended

military assistance to India raised many eye brows in
Pakistan. It developed suspicion in Pakistan about her
own position as the American ally.
 Cont…
 The US tilt towards India subsequently affected the mutual
relations between the US and Pakistan.

 American attitude became an instrumental in giving rise in

Pakistan to the need to re-asses the policy considerations.

 A widespread feeling developed in Pakistan that USA no

longer gave importance to its commitments to the military
pacts and allies.
 Consequently with the change in American attitude the
policy-makers in Pakistan frantically looked for other allies
in the region who could take on Pakistan’s security and
peace requirements effectively.
 Cont…

 US policy interests in Pakistan encompass a wide range of

issues, including nuclear weapons and missile proliferation:
South Asian regional stability; democratization and human
rights; economic reforms and market opening; and efforts to
counter terrorism and narcotics.
 There concerns have been affected by several developments in
previous years, including cutoff of US aid to Pakistan in 1990
and 1998 over the nuclear issue. India and Pakistan worsening
relationship over Kashmir since 1990 and their continuing
nuclear standoff.
 Cont…
 The relations between Pakistan and the USA in the past,
even the most cordial, were developed just on the strategic
needs of the both sides.

 Though the strategic dimensions of the Pak-US relations

included other aspects as well, but they were pre-
dominantly ward off an impending drought in Pakistan, or
economic aid, technological assistance, and even exchange
of ideas and views at seminars, all bore a heavy stamp of
strategic concerns.
 Cont…

 USA direly needed a backing to its policy of containment

and to check the Soviet expansionism in south Asia and
particularly in the oil rich region of the Gulf.
 Pakistan was in the need of the US military assistance in
the wake of continued hostility from India.
 The Indian hostile demeanor had caused deep security
concerns to Pakistani policy-makers which they deeply
desired to shed away.
 It was obviously not possible without the US military
assistance.
 Cont…

 The non-military aspect of the Pak-US relations, therefore,

remained skewed while the military side grew swiftly to
higher proportions.
 With the Soviet threat being warded off, the strategic
compulsions on the US side extinguished with the result
that there was no more need to feel concerned about the
other partner whose security requirements were still as
pressing as before.
 Cont…

 The demise of Soviet Union completely changed the US’s

policy options in South Asia. It turned its face from Pakistan
and looked towards India, one time its arch opponent.
 The US policy-makers started issuing warnings to Pakistan
and exerted pressure on her to sign NPT irrespective of
whether India liked to sign the agreement or not.
 The US authorities also urged Pakistan to forget its past
prescriptions on Kashmir.
 Cont…

 Bruce Riedel’s statement contains stunning facts which

should be a cause of great concern and anxiety for every
Pakistani. It has exposed the American designs to exploit
Pakistan’s position in order to meet her own needs.
 Riedel’s statement reveals that US desires to engage
Pakistan’s military to influence her political decisions.
 It also exposed the US intentions about the military
assistance to Pakistan which will remain suspended and
only a partly military assistance would be provided to
Pakistan to promote the US policy objectives.
 Cont…
 There is greater need for Pakistan to act in a more
diplomatic way to define its ties with the US on a
different pattern.

 It is imperative that our policy formulators abandon the

habit of erecting relations with the US on the strategic
foundations.

 With the fall of the Soviet Union the political and

strategic dimensions in the foreign relations have been
drastically reshaped in the region.
 Cont…

 In the wake of the changed environments, globally and

regionally, the US’s role as a supplier of arms and alms
is unimaginable.

 This mindset has to change if we are to spot other areas

to build stable and solid relations with the US.
RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND INDIA

 India is neighbouring country of Pakistan. Its 84 %

population is consisted of Hindus and 10% of Muslims
and 6% other Minorities.
 Its total area is twelve lac twenty nine thousand seven
hundred and thirty sq miles.
 Common border between Pakistan and India is 1600km
and cease fire line on Kashmir is not included in it.
 The relation between Pakistan and India could not be
developed on better lines from the inception of Pakistan.
 Cont…
 KASHMIR DISPUTE
Kashmir is dispute between both the countries and three
wars i.e. 1948, 1965 and 1971 have been fought on the
dispute of Kashmir. From the emergence of Pakistan India
created many problems for Pakistan.
 INDUS WATER TREATY AND INDIA
Pakistan and India signed Indus-Water-Treaty in 1960 to
solve the water dispute between them. The project was
completed with the help of World Bank and other countries
but India refused to give its due share.
 Cont…
 SEPARATION OF EAST PAKISTAN AND INDIA
India helped the separatist elements in East Pakistan
in 1971 and created Bangladesh.
After it, the Shimla Agreement was signed between
Pakistan and India, by which both the countries
agreed differences through negotiations.
 SAARC Association AND INDIA
By signing the Shimla agreement, the relationship
between Pakistan and India improved to some extent
and trade and travel of passengers started on limited
scale.
 Cont…
Moreover, both the countries began to increase cooperation
within the jurisdiction of South Asia Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) from the year 1980, which gave positive
result.
Pakistan has invited India for talks to resolve all the issues but
India remained reluctant to give positive response.
 Cont…

The Prime Minister of Pakistan and India met on the

occasion of SAARC conference in 1988 and signed a
pact. Both the countries agreed not to attack the nuclear
centers of each other.

 FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN KASHMIR

In 1989, the Kashmiri’s freedom fighters started struggle
against India in the decade of 1990’s. Mutual trade and
travel of passengers increased but it remained limited
because India was reluctant to solve the Kashmir dispute
peacefully.
 Cont…

Pakistan is determined to solve the Kashmir issue in

accordance with the UN resolutions through the right
of self-determination of Kashmiris.
Now there is hope for the improvement of relations
between both the countries.
 AGRA CONFERENCE AND INDIA
The Agra Conference from 14 to17 July in 2001
between the President of Pakistan, General Pervez
Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Mr. Atal Behari
Vajpai was the first important meeting of its type
between the two leaders, and the world felt a sigh of
relief.
 Cont…

The president of Pakistan presented his view-point boldly

and nicely, and it was appreciated by the
whole world but the meeting ended fruitless after three days.
 MEETINGS OF OFFICERS OF BOTH COUNTRIES

During the SAARC conference oh January 2004

( Islamabad) the President of Pakistan and Prime Minister of
India held meetings and agreed upon many pacts, and
resolved upon the continuation of dialogue.
 Cont…
On the occasion of session of UN, General Assembly,
held in September 2004, the President of Pakistan and
New Prime Minister of India met, and resolved upon the
continuation of negotiation, which resulted in the series
of meetings of foreign ministers and secretaries of both
the countries.