Medikal 2012 Temmuz

ftp://muhogr:muh948@ftp.iticu.edu.
tr/
Medical Instrumentation
Application and Design,
4th Edition
John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Feb 2009, Pages: 713
Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation

Basic Sensors and Principles
Amplifiers and Signal Processing
The Origin of Biopotentials
Biopotential Electrodes
Biopotential Amplifiers
Blood Pressure and Sound
Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood
Measurements of the Respiratory System
Chemical Biosensors
Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation
Medical Imaging Systems
Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices
Electrical Safety
http://www.unc.edu/~finley/BME422/Webster/FM.pdf
Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 1
A
100A

Ödevler: 4 Kasım 2011
• Bioelektrik empedans tanımı, ölçmeleri, dijital
terazide vücudun yağ, su değerlerinin belirlenmesi
1. Thermocouples http://www.omega.com
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/12334
2. Thermistor
3. Resistance Temperature Detector
4. Infrared Thermometers
28 Ekim 2011
5. Pressure Transducers
6. Load Cells
7. Strain Gage http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3642
8. Flowmeters
9. pH Measurement
10.Level Measurement

x y
G

http://www.skillstat.com/ECG_Sim_demo.html

 cardiac cycle
 Systole
 Diastole
 pressure
 volume
 flow
32
Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş

http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/ecg.
html#c2
http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/hear
telec.html#c1

•Elektrik akımı ve geriliminin insan için zararlı, öldürücü olma
değerlerini, frekans özelliklerini de göz önüne alarak anlatın.(%20)
•Duyarlık elemanlarımızın cevaplarının zaman göre çıkışlarının: (giriş
çıkış arasındaki gecikme var/yok, gecikmenin türü)
•zero-order (%5)
•firs-order (%5)
•second-order (%5) olma özelliklerini anlatın.
•EKG işaretlerinin algılanmasını, elde edilen işaretin genlik ve frekans

özelliklerini, şeklini ve anlamlarını anlatın. (%20)
•Kan basıncını (mekanik-analog) ölçme yöntemini (ölçülen değerlerin

anlamlarını belirterek) anlatın. (%15)
•Bioelektrik empedans tanımı, ölçmeleri, dijital terazide vücudun

yağ, su değerlerinin belirlenmesi anlatın. (%20)
•Sadece üst tarafından erişilebilen 10 m derinlikte bir havuzunun

içindeki suyun seviyesiini en güvenli şekilde ölçmek, ve display
etmek için gerekli farklı iki sistemi tasarlayı, çizin, anlatın. Öneri-
1(%5), Öneri-2(%5), Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 35
Miniature Wireless Pulse Oximeter
http://www.judylab.org/doku.php?
id=research:wireless_biosignal_telemet
ry
http://contecmedical.en.made-in-
china.com/offer/abHEQvnYztpJ/Sell- CMS-P PC Based Pulse Oximeter
CMS-P-PC-Based-Pulse-Oximeter-
with-Free-SW.html
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa274b/slaa274b.pdf

Pulse oximetry
The probe contains two high intensity, monochromatic, light- emitting

diodes, one emitting red light (660 nm) and the second infrared (940
nm) on one side and a photodetector on the other to measure the
amount of light transmitted through the finger.
http://www.embed4u.com/8051-
based-heart-rate-meter/

http://www.8085projects.info/post/Fast-heart-rate-meter-using-CD4518-
CD4046-CD4511.aspx
http://nutrition.uvm
.edu/bodycomp/uw
w/lung-vol.html
Ödevler:
• Bioelektrik empedans tanımı, ölçmeleri, dijital
terazide vücudun yağ, su değerlerinin belirlenmesi
1. Thermocouples http://www.omega.com
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/12334
2. Thermistor
3. Resistance Temperature Detector
4. Infrared Thermometers
5. Pressure Transducers
6. Load Cells
7. Strain Gage http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3642
8. Flowmeters
9. pH Measurement
10.Level Measurement

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_8/8.html
this multimeter may also be known

as a volt-ohm-milliammeter

http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B1/B1396/097MB1396.html
Digital Capacitance Meter
(1)
Each units are: t seconds, R ohms, C farad and epsilon is a
Napier's number (approx. 2.72). When VC reaches VC1, the
time t1 can be expressed in following formure.

(2)
This means that the t1 is proportional to C. Thus the
capacitance can be calcurated from charge time and
any other fixed parameters.
http://www.radiolocman.com/shem/schematics.html?di=55103

http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/66
Displacement, Location, or Position Sensors

Displacement,
Location, or
Position Sensors

ANALOG
FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS

This audio frequency meter uses
555 IC as a monostable
multivibrator (one-shoot
trigger). A monostable
multivibrator can act as a
frequency-to-voltage converter
because it produce a fixed pulse
width, with the repetition
rate/density is proportional to
the triggering input frequency.
Here is the circuit’s schematic
diagram:
For resistor R1, because it set
the measurement range, it’s
better to use a rotary switch to
select different values for
different ranges. For the ampere
meter, you can use both analog
or digital ampere meter. A
cheap dual-slope ADC digital
meter is suitable because its
averaging characteristic, but a
fast digital multimeter can also
be used although it may show
some uncertainty because of
their fast sampling.

This 1-kHz linear-scale analog frequency meter circuit uses the 555 as a
pulse counter
http://www.electronicecircuits.com/electronic-circuits/analog-frequency-meter-circuit/

http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electrical/articles/66194.aspx

DEFIBRILLATORS

For this example, the discharge is underdamped (biphasic, also referred to as a Gurvich
waveform) when the patient resistance is less than about 56Ω because
Rpatient+Rinductor=56Ω+10Ω=66Ω<Rcritical=67Ω
In this case, the waveform is underdamped and produces a biphasic (oscillating) waveform.
If the patient impedance is higher than 67Ω, the waveform is overdamped (monophasic,
also referred to as an Edmark waveform). In this case the inductor slows the rate of rise of the
discharge current, reduces the maximum voltage applied to the patient, and shapes
the waveform to produce a damped sinusoidal waveform. The current delivered to the
patient gradually rises to a rounded peak and drops back to zero. The discharge current
pulse duration is about 2.5L1/C1, about 2.5 to 3.5ms for most defibrillators.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
OF MEDICAL ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENTATION
Figure 8.32 Schematic diagram of a damped sinusoidal waveform defibrillator capable of delivering energies of up to 320 J into a 50-Ω
patient load through a 5-ms Edmark (monophasic) waveform. Charge pushbutton SW2 energizes high-voltage transformer T1. C1 is
charged through the high-voltage rectifier network D1–D4 and R1. Meter M1 is calibrated to yield an estimate of energy (in joules)
delivered to the patient, assuming a load impedance of 50Ω. Defibrillation energy is delivered to the patient by simultaneously pressing on
pushbuttons SW3 and SW4, which energize relay K1, which is used to transfer the defibrillation charge from capacitor C1 to the patient via
pulse shaping inductor L1. R4 and R5 discharge C1 if the defibrillation buttons are depressed without a suitable load across the paddle
electrodes or the

Energy limits
A.C. defibrillator
0.25 sec × 230 volts × (I Amps) = 450 watts-sec.
Required required
I = 7.5Amps.
But preferable 0.01 sec. Pulses.
Then I = 450/(230 × 0.01) = 175 A.
This is too much to be supplied by household mains.
DC Defibrillation (Fig. 12.10b)
1. Safety housings for electrodes–capacitor discharges only when the
electrodes are making
firm contact with the heart or chest wall.
2. Two set of electrodes - not interchangeable sockets
1. Internal 50–72 J (5–3 kV)
3. Meter indicates Joules
1. External 400J (7 kV).
4. Charging time constant of 4 seconds
1. 0.25 M Ω × 16 μF
2. (charging resistor)
Takes about 16 secs. to charge to 4 kV.
MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Application and Design
FOURTH EDITION John G. Webster, Editor
CAPACITIVE-DISCHARGE DC DEFIBRILLATORS
A short high-amplitude defibrillation pulse can be obtained by using the
capacitive-discharge circuit shown in Figure 13.10. In this case, a half-
wave rectifier driven by a step-up transformer is used to charge the
capacitor C. A good rule of thumb is to keep charging time under 10 s.

When external
electrodes are
used, energies as
high as 400 J may
be
required.
The energy stored
in the capacitor is
given by the well-
known
equation

http://www.intersil.com/applications/printdoc/AutomatedExternalDefibrillator.asp
Fast charging — less than 3 seconds to 150J and less than 5 seconds to 270J
http://www.nihonkohden.com/produc
ts/type/emergency/tec7700.html
Principles of Bioelectrical Impedance
Analysis

A method which involves the measurement of bioelectrical
resistive impedance (R) for the estimation
of human body composition is described.
This method is based upon the principle that the electrical

conductivity of the fat-free tissue mass (FFM) is far greater than
that of fat.
Using an electrical impedance plethysmograph with a four electrode

arrangement that introduces a painless signal (800 A at 50 kHz)
into the body.
FFM was assessed by hydrodensitometry and ranged

from 44.6-98. 1 kg.
Total body water (TBW) determined by D2O dilution and total body
potassium (TBK) from whole body counting were 50.6 ± 10.3 L and
167.5 ± 38.1 g, respectively.
.
http://www.ajcn.org/content/41/4/810.full.pdf

http://www.ajcn.org/content/41/4/810.full.pdf

http://curezone.com/upload/pdf/Complex_Bioelectric_Imped.pdf
Uroflowmetry
http://www.digitimer.com/urodynamics/
urodynamics.htm
The SEDIA F1 Flowmeter provides you with a convenient,

cost effective and easy to use solution for portable
uroflowmetry. Communication between the flow meter
and your computer is via Bluetooth connection. The
SEDIA software is easily installed on your Windows PC,
allowing you to print reports from your own printer.
Tepe idrar akım hızı erkeklerde 20 ml/sn, kadınlarda ise 25 ml/sn
üstünde normal oalrak kabul edilir
http://www.icenta.co.uk/Product/Mini-Flow-Sensor-Signet-2507
http://www.nidhimeditech.com
/flow814-graph-zoom.html
Turbine Flowmeters for Liquid Measurement
http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-
tutorials/flowmetering/types-of-steam-flowmeter.asp
Peak-Flow Metre (Nefes ölçüm testi)

Peak-Flow Metre (Nefes ölçüm testi)

Breath Alcohol Tester
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Breath-Alcohol-Tester.html
http://www.tradeage.com/sale/digital-breath-alcohol-tester-with-
flashlight-keychain-ce277777
Alcohol Tester Sensor
MQ303A is semiconductor sensor is for Alcohol detection,
Model No. MQ303A
Sensor Type Semiconductor
Standard Encapsulation Metal
Detection Gas Alcohol
Concentration 20-1000ppm Alcohol
Heater Voltage VH 0.9V ± 0.1V AC or DC
Loop Voltage Vc ≤6V DC
Standard Load Resistance R L Adjustable
Circuit Heater
Conditions RH 4.5W ± 0.5 W(Room Tem.)
Resistance
Heater Current IH 120±20mA
Heater Power PH ≤ 140 mW
Sensor
PS ≤10 mW
Consumption
Sensing
Rs 4KΩ-400KΩ(in air)
Character Resistance
Sensitivity S Rs(in air)/Rs(125ppm Alcohol)≥3
Slope α 0.50 ± 0.15(R300ppm/R100ppm Alcohol)
Tem. Humidity 20°C±2°C;65%±5%RH

Vc:3.0 V±0.1 V DC;
Condition Standard test circuit
VH: 0.9 V±0.1 V DC
Preheat time Over 48 hours ALSAN
Prof.Dr.Sezgin Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 98
Digital Blood Pressure Meter
http://www.freescale.com/files/senso
rs/doc/app_note/AN1571.pdf Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 101

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ftp://muhogr:muh948@ftp.iticu.edu.

Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 12

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 13

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 19

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 26

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 33

•EKG işaretlerinin algılanmasını, elde edilen işaretin genlik ve frekans

•Kan basıncını (mekanik-analog) ölçme yöntemini (ölçülen değerlerin

•Bioelektrik empedans tanımı, ölçmeleri, dijital terazide vücudun

•Sadece üst tarafından erişilebilen 10 m derinlikte bir havuzunun

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 40

The probe contains two high intensity, monochromatic, light- emitting

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 42

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 60

this multimeter may also be known

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 61

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 64

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 65

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 66

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 68

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 70

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 71

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 72

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 73

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 75

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 79

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 81

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 87

This method is based upon the principle that the electrical

Using an electrical impedance plethysmograph with a four electrode

FFM was assessed by hydrodensitometry and ranged

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 89

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 90

The SEDIA F1 Flowmeter provides you with a convenient,

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 95

Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Müh. Giriş 96

Slope α 0.50 ± 0.15(R300ppm/R100ppm Alcohol)

Tem. Humidity 20°C±2°C;65%±5%RH

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