BONE

It is a rigid form of scleral connective tissue in

which extra cellular matrix is impregnated
with inorganic salts, mainly Calcium
Phosphate & Carbonate providing hardness
 General features & its functions
1. It is a specialized connective tissue.
2. It is rigid & hard because the matrix is
infiltrated with inorganic salts
3. It forms the frame of the body & protects vital
organs.
4. It gives attachment to muscles & serve as a
lever for muscular action.
5. It stores calcium, Phosphate & other ions.
6. It contain bone marrow which is a haemopoitic
tissue.
7. Bone is a dynamic structure. It is continually renewed or
remodeled in response to mineral need of the body,
mechanical stress, bone thinning caused by disease, age or
fracture healing.
8. Calcium & Phosphate either are stored in the bone matrix or
released to the blood stream to maintain proper levels.
Maintenance of normal blood
 Classification of bones
Morphologically: bone consists of:
1. Externally a solid shell of cortical bone called compact
bone (Shaft of long bones, Tables of flat bones in skull & shell in
short bones)

2. Internally a frame work of trabecullae separated by marrow

space called Cancellous bone. ( Ends of long bone & short
bones)

Microscopically:
1. Primary/Immature/Woven bone - During repair with low
mineral content (Ex. Callus)
2. Secondary/Mature/Lamellar bone - ( Definite adult type after
remodeling)
Bone membrane
1. The external & internal surfaces of bone are covered
by membranes called Periosteum & Endosteum
respectively.
2. The main function of these membranes are nutrition
of bone, a continuous supply of new Osteoblasts for
growth & remodeling & repair of bone.
1. PERIOSTEUM
a) It is a dense connective tissue membrane
covering the external surface of bone,( except
articular surfaces, sesamoid bones & attachment
of tendon & ligaments. )
b) Periosteum sends perforating fibres
perpendicular .to bone surfaces to nail or anchor it.
(Sharpey’s fibres).
c) Periosteum has two layers.
. i) Outer vascular
fibrous layer.
. ii) Inner Osteogenic layer.
d) It has rich nerve supply . So very sensitive.
e) It is involved in bone growth & repair. So care to be
Bone membrane 2
Endosteum :
1. It is a thin membrane of vascular loose connective tissue
lining the medullary cavity of long bone & marrow spaces
in cancellous bones.
2. Cell of endosteum has osteogenic potential. (They can
differentiate into bone forming cells, takes part in repair &
growth) So this part must be preserve during bone
surgery.
Bone composition
Bone is made of
a) Cells

b) Fibres

c) Ground substance.

Extra cellular matrix impregnated with

Calcium, Phosphate & Calcium Carbonate
to provide hardness. These salts (Ca & P)
form needle like crystals of Hydroxyapatite
(20 – 40nm long) arranged parallel to
Bone composition

Cells: These are of four types

1.Osteoprogeniter cells :(Supreme God)

2.Osteoblasts cells : (Brahma)
3.Osteocyte cells : (Vishnu)
4.Osteoclast cells : (Maheswara)
Bone composition
1. Osteoprogeniter cells : (Supreme God)
a) These are young
pluripotent stem cells derived from .
mesenchymal cells
b) They are located in inner tissue of periosteum &
. endosteum of marrow cavity
c) They differentiate into Osteoblast cells & found along
. the blood vessels in the perosteal buds in the
. endosteum.
d) Due to presence of these cells the main
functions of . periosteum & endosteum is to provide
a continuous . stream of osteblasts for
growth, remodeling & repair. e) During development of
bone these cells proliferate by . Mitosis &
 Bone
composition
Osteoblasts cells : (Brahma)
1. Present on the surface of bone.
2. It synthesize, secrete & deposite the osteoids.
3. Initially Osteoids are not calcified & mineralized but rapidly
they calcified & mineralized become bone.

Osteocyte cells : (Vishnu)

1. Mature form of Osteoblasts & principal cells of bone.
2. It is smaller than Osteoblasts.
3. osteocytes trapped by bony matrix that was produced by
osteoblasts.
4. They lie in a cave like lacunae which is close to a blood vessel.
5. one osteocyte found in each lacuna.
 Bone composition
7. Consequently bone is highly vascular &
posseses a system called canaliculi through
which blood vessels pass up to osteocytes &
carry nutrition & keep the osteocyte alive.
8. Osteocytes are branched cell with cytoplasmic extentions that
enter canaliculi radiate in all direction from each lacuna &
make contact with neighboring cells by gap junctions.
9. Canaliculi contain extra cellular fluid & gap junctions in
cytoplasmic extensions allow passing of nutrient & minerals,
gaseous exchange & removal of metabolic waste materials
from the osteocytes to near by blood vessels & vice versa.
10. Osteocyte maintain the structural integrity of surrounding bone
matrix. When it dies sorrounding bone matrix is reabsorbed by
Osteoclast cells.
 Bone composition
Osteoclast cells :(Maheswara)
They are formed by fusion of mononuclear
heamopoitic cells.
• Large multinucleated cells that found along bone surfaces
where resorption, repair or remodeling takes place.
• Cytoplasm contain plenty of lysozyme. These lysosomal
enzyme responsible for erroding bone
• They resorb the bone & make a depression on bone surface
where they stay. The depression is known as Howship’s
lacunae.
• Against these Howship’s lacuna osteoclasts show a ruffle
border with microvilli through which lysozymes are excreted.
Bone composition
 Bone composition

Fibres: 95%
These are Type I collagen fibrils.

Ground substances:
1. Made of chondrotin sulphate, dermatan sulphate
& a specific glycoprotien.
2. Fibres & ground substance from organic
component of bone , which give elasticity &
resilience.
 Bone composition
Inorganic components ( Bone salts/Hydroxyapatite):
It include
a) Calcium Phosphate 85%
b) Calcium carbonate 10%
c) Other salts 5%
• These inorganic components diposite arround collagen fibrils
which gives hardness & rigidity to bone.

Decalcification
It is the process of removal of inorganic components. As a
result bone become soft & flexible
Calcination
It is the process of removal of organic components. As a result
bone become brittle & fragile
Structure of a
compact bone
Structure of a compact bone
Compact bone consists of three systems of bony lamellae
arranged in an orderly manner

1. Circumferential system
1) Outer (Periosteal)

2) Inner (Endosteal)

2. Haversian system
3. Interstitial system
 Structure of a
compact bone
Circumferential system
(Both outer & Inner)
1. Outer circumferential system consists of
circular lamellae of bony matrix that lie
immediately beneath the periosteum.
2. Inner circumferential system consists of circular lamellae
of bony matrix that lie immediately adjacent to endosteum.
3. Osteocytes are found in between lamellae in the lacunae.
4. Both the above systems have marrow cavity as the centre.
5. Outer system has more lamellae than the inner system.
6. Between two systems numerous Haversian &Interstitial
systems are persent.
Structure of a
compact bone
Haversian system or Osteon -1
1. It is found between outer & inner circumferential systems of
compact bone.
2. They are long cylindrical, often branching principal structural
units of compact bone.
3. They lie parallel to long axis of shaft.
4. Each system consists of a central canal or haversian canal,
surrounded by 4-20 concentric lamellae of bony matrix.
5. Haversian canal is lined by endosteum whose cells have
osteogenic potential.(Osteoprogenitor cells)
6. Canal contain blood vessels, nerve, lymphatics and loose
connective tissue.
 Structure of a compact bone
Haversian system or Osteon - 2
7. The Haversian canal communicate with each
other, with periosteum & with internal medullary cavity
through transverse / oblique channels called Volkmann’s
canals. These canals are not surrounded by concentric
bony lamellae. Instead they penetrate the lamellae of
Haversian systems.

8. Each Haversian system is formed by successive deposition of

bony lamellae around a neurovascular structures in the canal
from periphery inward. So the diameter of Haversian canal is
highly variable.

9. The younger system has a larger canal & older has a smaller
one. The most recently formed lamella is closest to the canal.
 Structure of a compact bone
Interstitial system

1. Found occupying triangular intervals between

Haversian systems
2. Formed by irregularly shaped groups of parallel
lamellae.
3. They are surviving remnants (fragments) of earlier
Haversian systems which are destroyed during
growth or remodeling of bone.
Cross section of a compact bone
Longitudinal section (LS) of a
compact bone
Structure of a
spongy bone

1. Spongy bone is made of slender bony trabeculae that

branch & anastomose with one another enclosing
irregular marrow spaces between them which contain
bone marrow.
2. These trabeculae exibit parallel lamellae of bony
matrix & osteocyte in between lacunae.
3. The trabecullae are covered externally by vascular
endosteum containing Osteoprogenitor cells,
Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts.
Structure of a spongy bone