Chemical bonding and molecular

structure

By -Ishita , Aishwarya , Shriya , Prashashree , Pranati and Akansha

XI-B
 Polarity of bonds
 The existence of a hundred percent covalent bond represents an
ideal situation. In reality no bond or a compound is either
completely covalent or ionic . There exists Some ionic character
or covalent character.
 When a covalent bond is formed between two similar atoms , the
shared pair of electrons is equally attracted by the two atoms . As
a result the electron pair is situated exactly between the two
identical nuclei . The bond so formed is called Nonpolar
Covalent Bond .
Contrary to this , in case of a heteronuclear
molecule like HF the shared pair of
electrons between the two atoms gets
displaced more towards fluorine since the
electronegativity of fluorine is far greater
than that of hydrogen thus the resultant
covalent bond is Polar Covalent Bond.
 Dipole moment
 As a result of polarisation , the molecule possesses the Dipole
moment.
 It is defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge and
the distance between the centres of positive and negative charge .
 It is designated by a Greek letter ‘μ’
 Dipole moment (μ) = charge (Q) × distance of
separation (r)
 Dipole moment is usually expressed in Debts units (D) .
The conversation factor is :-
 1D = 3.33564 × 10-30 C m
 A dipole moment arises in any system in which there is a separation of charge. They can,
therefore, arise in ionic bonds as well as in covalent bonds. Dipole moments occur due
to the difference in electronegativity between two chemically bonded atoms.
 The bond dipole moment is a vector quantity since it has both magnitude and direction
 The above figure shows the electron cloud distribution in the dipole of Hydrogen
Chloride
 The symbols 𝛿+ and 𝛿– represent the two electric charges that arise in a molecule which
are equal in magnitude but are of opposite signs
Dipole moment of BeF 2
In a beryllium fluoride molecule, the bond angle between the two
beryllium-fluorine bonds is 180o. Fluorine, being the more
electronegative atom, shifts the electron density towards itself.
The individual bond dipole moments in a BeF2 molecule are
illustrated below.

From the illustration provided above, it can be understood that

the two individual bond dipole moments cancel each other out in
a BeF2 molecule because they are equal in magnitude but are
opposite in direction. Therefore, the net dipole moment of a
BeF2 molecule is zero.
Dipole Moment of H2O (Water)
 In a water molecule, the electrons are localized around the oxygen atom
since it is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom. However,
the presence of a lone pair of electrons in the oxygen atom causes the
water molecule to have a bent shape (as per the VSEPR theory).
Therefore, the individual bond dipole moments do not cancel each other
out as is the case in the BeF2 molecule. An illustration describing the
dipole moment in a water molecule is provided below.
 The bond angle in a water molecule is 104.5o. The individual bond
moment of an oxygen-hydrogen bond is 1.5 D. The net dipole moment in
a water molecule is found to be 1.84D.
Fajan’s Rule
 In inorganic chemistry, Fajans' rules, formulated by Kazimierz
Fajans in 1923, are used to predict whether a chemical bond will
be covalent or ionic, and depend on the charge on the cation and the
relative sizes of the cation and anion.
Definition-
 Fajan rule is actually polarisation of an anion by a cation that actually
determines the percentage of covalent character in ionic compound .
Smaller the size of cation more is its polarising power on an anion and
vice versa.
When cation and an anion approaches each other to form an
ionic bond . Then due to high effective nuclear charge on cation,
it starts attracting electron cloud of anion towards itself due to
which sharing of electron cloud takes place and hence covalent
character develops.

NOTE- No compound is 100 percent ionic and 100 percent

covalent . Ionic and covalent are relative terms .Polarizing power
of cation and polarizing power of anion are the two factors that
govern the Fazans rule .
Test your Knowledge:
 Which of the following is not correct for dipole moment?
a) lone pair of electrons present on central atom can give rise to dipole moment
b) dipole moment is a vector quantity
c) CO2 molecule has no dipole moment since C-O bonds are nonpolar
d) difference in electronegativities of combining atoms can lead to dipole
moment
 What is dipole moment?
 When was Fajan’s rule given?
 What is the net dipole moment of water?
 State the difference between nonpolar covalent
bond and polar covalent bond.
Thank You