Lebanese University - Faculty of Engineering - Branch III

CHAPTER

7 Applied Hydraulics

Hydraulic Actuators
Dr. Daoud Baalbaki
Semester VI - Spring 2014
Tuesday 15:30 – 17:00
Friday 12:00 – 13:30
 Applied Hydraulics
Learning Objectives
Explain the classification of hydraulic actuators.
Explain various types of hydraulic cylinders.
Describe the construction and working of double-acting
cylinders.
Derive an expression for force, velocity and power for
hydraulic cylinders.
Analyze various lever systems using hydraulic
cylinders.
Explain the importance of cylinder cushioning.
Explain various types of cylinder mountings used in
fluid power.
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Evaluate the performance of hydraulic systems using

cylinders.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Introduction
An actuator is used to convert the energy of fluid back into
the mechanical power.

The amount of output power developed depends upon:

 flow rate
 pressure drop across the actuator
 overall efficiency.

Hydraulic actuators are classified as follows:

1. Linear actuator : hydraulic cylinders
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2. Rotary actuator : hydraulic motor

3. Semi-rotary actuator
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 Applied Hydraulics
Hydraulic Cylinders

Hydraulic cylinders are of the following types:

1.Single-acting cylinders.

2.Double-acting cylinders.

3.Telescopic cylinders.
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4.Tandem cylinders.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Single Acting Cylinder
It can exert a force in the extending direction only

The return of the piston is not done hydraulically.

In single-acting cylinders, retraction is done either by gravity or by a

spring.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Double acting cylinder
1- Double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on one side.

2- Double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on both sides

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 Applied Hydraulics
Double acting cylinder
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 Applied Hydraulics
Telescopic Cylinder
The telescopic cylinder extends in stages, each stage
consisting of a sleeve that fits inside the previous stage.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Telescopic Cylinder

When the cylinder extends, all the sections move together until the
outer section is prevented from further extension by its stop
ring. The remaining sections continue out-stroking until the
second outermost section reaches the limit of its stroke; this
process continues until all sections are extended.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Tandem Cylinder
Used in applications where a large amount of force is
required from a small-diameter cylinder.

Pressure is applied to both pistons, resulting in increased

force because of the larger area.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Displacement Cylinders
 A displacement-type hydraulic cylinder, consists of a rod that is
displaced from inside a tube by pumping hydraulic fluid into the
tube.
 The volume of the rod leaving the tube is equal to the volume
of fluid entering the tube, hence the name “displacement cylinder.”
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 Applied Hydraulics
Examples
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 Applied Hydraulics
Graphical symbols
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 Applied Hydraulics
Graphical symbols
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 Applied Hydraulics
Cylinder Force, Velocity and Power
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 Applied Hydraulics
Force, Velocity, and power
Because Ap is greater than (Ap−Ar),
• The retraction velocity (vret) is greater than the
extension velocity (vext) for the same flow rate.

• Extension force is greater than the retraction force for the

same operating pressure.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Acceleration

u be the initial velocity,

v the velocity after a time t,
s the distance moved during the time t
a the acceleration during the time t.

The force P required to overcome friction is given by:

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µ is the coefficient
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of friction
 Applied Hydraulics
Examples
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 Applied Hydraulics
Applying Linear Motion Using Hydraulic Cylinders
1- Vertical
cylinder: Then the cylinder load F is equal to the weight
W of the object, acting in the vertical direction.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Applying Linear Motion Using Hydraulic Cylinders
Horizontal cylinder: the cylinder load is theoretically zero, because
no component of the object’s weight acts along the axis of the
cylinder. However, when the object slides across the horizontal
surface, the cylinder must overcome the frictional force created
between the object and the horizontal surface.
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 Applied Hydraulics
Applying Linear Motion Using Hydraulic Cylinders
Inclined cylinder: the cylinder load equals the component of the
object’s weight acting along the axis of the cylinder and frictional
force
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 Applied Hydraulics
First, Second and Third-Class Lever Systems
1- First-Class Lever System

Suppose the centerline of the

hydraulic cylinder tilts by an
offset angle ø from the vertical;
the relationship becomes

Note1: If L1> L2, the cylinder force is less than the load force and the
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cylinder stroke is greater than the load stroke.

Note2: If the inclination of cylinder (ø ) is less than 10o, its effect can
be©ignored in equation
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 Applied Hydraulics
First, Second and Third-Class Lever Systems
2- Second-Class Lever System

Note 3: Compared to the first-class lever, the second-class lever requires smaller cylinder
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force to drive the given load force for same L1 and L2 and load force.

Note 4: Compared to the first-class lever, the second-class lever also results in a smaller load
stroke for a given cylinder stroke.
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 Applied Hydraulics
First, Second and Third-Class Lever Systems
3- Third-Class Lever System

Note 4: In a third-class lever system, cylinder force is greater than

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load force.
Note 5: In a third-class lever system, load stroke is greater than the
cylinder stroke and
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Companies, requires
Inc. All rights reserved. a larger cylinder.
 Applied Hydraulics
Cushioning pressure
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